Question 1

Which of the following best describes a fundamental property of life that distinguishes living organisms from non-living matter?

Accepted Answer

The ability to respond to environmental stimuli and maintain homeostasis.

Question 2

A student is conducting an experiment in a dark room and needs to distinguish between a red and a green apple. Which type of retinal cell is most functionally important in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Rod cells, because they are more sensitive to low light conditions.

Question 3

Water molecules in ice form more ________ hydrogen bonds than in liquid water, making ice ________ dense than water.

Accepted Answer

more; less

Question 4

Which of the following best describes a hydration shell?

Accepted Answer

A layer of water molecules surrounding a hydrophilic molecule.

Question 5

The ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds gives rise to several important properties. Which property allows water to move against gravity from roots to leaves in plants?

Accepted Answer

Cohesion

Question 6

Which of the following functional groups can help stabilize tertiary protein structure with a strong bond?

Accepted Answer

Sulfhydryl group

Question 7

A glycosidic linkage is a $$	ext{covalent}$$ bond between ________.

Accepted Answer

Monosaccharides

Question 8

The molecule cholesterol contains a carbon skeleton with $$4$$ fused carbon rings and is a major component of the _________. It is also the precursor for the synthesis of ________.

Accepted Answer

Cell membrane; steroid hormones

Question 9

A mutation that impairs the ability of ubiquitin to be added to proteins would most likely lead to:

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the cell

Question 10

A mutation affecting the Na$$^+/K$^+$$ pump’s ability to use ATP will likely lead to:

Accepted Answer

A change in the voltage gradient across the cell membrane

Question 11

In a hypotonic solution, a red blood cell will be ________, and a plant cell will be ________.

Accepted Answer

Lysed; turgid

Question 12

If the proportion of phospholipids with unsaturated hydrocarbon tails in the membrane of both cells is increased, what would you expect to observe in the lateral drift of membrane proteins?

Accepted Answer

A faster lateral drift of both mouse and human proteins

Question 13

Cytochalasin D is a drug that prevents actin polymerization. Which of the following processes will be affected in cells treated with cytochalasin D?

Accepted Answer

Maintenance of cell surface structure and morphology

Question 14

The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following organelles is primarily responsible for detoxification processes?

Accepted Answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 15

Which of the following signal transduction proteins typically functions by forming dimers after binding to a signal molecule?

Accepted Answer

Receptor tyrosine kinases

Question 16

A drug that specifically blocks the addition of phosphate groups to proteins would inhibit which of the following activities?

Accepted Answer

Receptor tyrosine kinase activity

Question 17

A new drug, D93, is compared to Carfilzomib for its effect on proteasome activity. The graph shows that Carfilzomib has a lower bar at all concentrations. What can you conclude?

Accepted Answer

Carfilzomib has better inhibitory activity than D93

Question 18

Which of the following organelles is most likely defective in Tay-Sachs disease, where large, complex, undigested lipids accumulate in cells?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome

Question 19

Disruption of nuclear pore complexes in a eukaryotic cell will most likely interfere with the transport of which of the following molecules out of the nucleus?

Accepted Answer

mRNA

Question 20

When a neuron responds to a particular neurotransmitter by opening gated ion channels, the neurotransmitter is serving as which part of the signal pathway?

Accepted Answer

Signal molecule (ligand)

General Biology: Cell Structure, Membranes, and Biochemical Properties – Study Guide

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