Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have DNA located in a nucleus, whereas prokaryotic cells have DNA in the cytoplasm.

Question 2

Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production in eukaryotic cells, and what is its main function?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion; generates ATP through cellular respiration.

Question 3

Which evidence most strongly supports the endosymbiosis theory for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

Both organelles contain circular DNA similar to bacterial genomes.

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between Gibbs free energy ($$\Delta G$$), enthalpy ($$\Delta H$$), temperature ($$T$$), and entropy ($$\Delta S$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G = \Delta H - T \Delta S$$

Question 5

A reaction has $$\Delta G = +15 kJ/$$mol. Which statement best describes this reaction?

Accepted Answer

It is endergonic and requires energy input to proceed.

Question 6

How do enzymes lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

By stabilizing the transition state and decreasing the energy required to reach it.

Question 7

Which factor would most likely decrease the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction in human cells?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the temperature to 80°C.

Question 8

Which of the following correctly lists the four interconnected stages of cellular respiration in order?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain

Question 9

During glycolysis, which molecule is produced as a net output per glucose molecule?

Accepted Answer

2 ATP

Question 10

Which process occurs in the mitochondria and is responsible for the majority of ATP production during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 11

Which statement best explains the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor, while anaerobic respiration uses other molecules.

Question 12

Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen (O$$_2)$$

Question 13

Which pigment is primarily responsible for absorbing light energy in photosynthesis, and what is its absorption spectrum?

Accepted Answer

Chlorophyll; absorbs mainly red and blue wavelengths.

Question 14

In the Z-scheme of photosynthesis, how is ATP generated?

Accepted Answer

By a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane driving ATP synthase.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of RuBisCO in the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

RuBisCO catalyzes the fixation of CO$$_2 to $$ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate.

Question 16

Which adaptation allows C4 plants to minimize photorespiration compared to C3 plants?

Accepted Answer

Spatial separation of carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle in different cell types.

Question 17

Which phase of the Calvin cycle involves the reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, and what molecule provides the reducing power?

Accepted Answer

Reduction phase; NADPH

Question 18

During which stage of cellular respiration is the majority of NADH produced?

Accepted Answer

Citric Acid Cycle

Question 19

Which process allows muscle cells to continue producing ATP during intense exercise when oxygen is limited?

Accepted Answer

Lactic acid fermentation

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct input-output pair for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Input: H$$_2O$$; Output: O$$_2$$

General Biology: Cell Structure, Metabolism, and Photosynthesis Study Guide

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