Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the process of cellular respiration?

$$\mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6 \mathrm{O}_2 \rightarrow 6 \mathrm{CO}_2 + 6 \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} + \text{energy}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best explains why water is considered a polar molecule?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, resulting in an uneven distribution of charge.

Question 2

A patient is admitted to the hospital with a blood pH of 7.1. Which of the following best describes their condition and the role of buffers in their blood?

Accepted Answer

The patient is experiencing acidosis, and buffers will absorb H+ ions to raise the pH.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds, causing kinks in the hydrocarbon chain.

Question 4

A scientist is studying a cell under a microscope and observes the presence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Which type of cell is being observed?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cell

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are necessary for many biological reactions?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy, allowing reactions to occur at cellular temperatures.

Question 6

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell and possibly burst because water will move in by osmosis.

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents the process of cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6 \mathrm{O}_2 ightarrow 6 \mathrm{CO}_2 + 6 \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} + 	ext{energy}$$

Question 8

During strenuous exercise, muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to fermentation. What is the primary reason for this switch?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen becomes limited, so cells use fermentation to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

It uses ATP and NADPH to convert $$\mathrm{CO}_2$$ into glucose.

Question 10

A cell is observed to have a large number of mitochondria. Which of the following is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

Production of large amounts of ATP through cellular respiration

Question 11

Which of the following statements about ATP is correct?

Accepted Answer

ATP stores energy in the bonds between its phosphate groups.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why carbon is able to form such a wide variety of organic molecules?

Accepted Answer

Carbon can form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms.

Question 13

A patient is given an intravenous solution of pure water by mistake. What is the most likely consequence for their red blood cells, and why?

Accepted Answer

The cells will burst because water will enter by osmosis.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It synthesizes, modifies, and transports proteins and lipids.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct statement about the relationship between entropy and energy in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Biological systems maintain order by increasing entropy elsewhere in the environment.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the primary function of nucleic acids in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

They store and transmit genetic information.

Question 17

A researcher adds a competitive inhibitor to an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. What is the most likely effect on the reaction rate, and how can it be overcome?

Accepted Answer

The reaction rate will decrease, but adding more substrate can restore the rate.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids are well-suited to form biological membranes?

Accepted Answer

They have both hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, allowing them to form bilayers.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus.

Question 20

A plant is placed in a sealed container with only water and light. After several hours, the oxygen concentration in the container increases. Which process is responsible for this change, and what is the relevant chemical equation?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis; $$6 \mathrm{CO}_2 + 6 \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \rightarrow \mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6 \mathrm{O}_2$$

General Biology: Core Concepts for Midterm Study

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