Question 1

Which of the following best describes the structural difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA has a deoxyribose sugar, while RNA has a ribose sugar.

Question 2

A scientist is studying a protein that is embedded in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Which cellular process is most directly involved in the initial synthesis of this protein?

Accepted Answer

Translation at ribosomes

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the net ATP production from one molecule of glucose during aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + 32ATP$$

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids form bilayers in aqueous environments?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, causing them to arrange with heads facing water and tails facing inward.

Question 5

During glycolysis, which molecule is directly produced from the breakdown of glucose?

Accepted Answer

Pyruvate

Question 6

A mutation causes a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein, replacing a hydrophobic side chain with a hydrophilic one. What is the most likely effect on the protein's tertiary structure?

Accepted Answer

The protein may misfold or change shape due to altered interactions with water.

Question 7

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the electron transport chain during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH$$_2 to $$oxygen, forming water.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP synthase in mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

It uses the proton motive force to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Question 9

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder that affects the function of lysosomes. Which cellular process is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Intracellular digestion of macromolecules

Question 10

Which of the following bonds is responsible for linking amino acids together in a protein?

Accepted Answer

Peptide bond

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the citric acid cycle is correct?

Accepted Answer

It produces NADH, FADH$$_2$$, and CO$$_2 as $$major products.

Question 12

A cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the cytoplasm. What will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will leave the cell, causing it to shrink.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct description of a glycosidic linkage?

Accepted Answer

A bond formed between two monosaccharides in a carbohydrate.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains the function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Question 15

During chemiosmosis in mitochondria, what is the immediate source of energy used by ATP synthase to produce ATP?

Accepted Answer

The flow of protons down their concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-world example of a metalloprotein and its biological function?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin, which transports oxygen in the blood.

Question 17

A researcher inhibits Complex I of the electron transport chain in mitochondria. What is the most likely effect on ATP production?

Accepted Answer

ATP production will decrease because fewer electrons are transferred to the chain.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of fermentation?

Accepted Answer

The partial breakdown of glucose to produce ATP and either ethanol or lactate in the absence of oxygen.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct description of cooperativity in enzyme function?

Accepted Answer

The binding of a substrate to one active site increases the affinity of other active sites for the substrate.

General Biology Exam 2 Study Guide: Biomolecules, Cell Structure, Cellular Respiration, and Gas Exchange

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