Question 1

Which of the following best explains why cells are limited in size, and what is the primary consequence of this limitation?

Accepted Answer

Cells are limited in size because as they grow, their volume increases faster than their surface area, leading to inefficient exchange of materials across the plasma membrane.

Question 2

Which of the following structures is found in plant cells but not in animal cells, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Central vacuole; storage of water and maintenance of turgor pressure

Question 3

A scientist observes a cell with no nucleus, circular DNA, and ribosomes. Which type of cell is being observed, and what is a key feature that distinguishes it from eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cell; lacks membrane-bound organelles

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

A dynamic structure with proteins and lipids moving laterally within a phospholipid bilayer

Question 5

How does the presence of cholesterol affect the fluidity of animal cell membranes at different temperatures?

Accepted Answer

Cholesterol stabilizes membrane fluidity by preventing tight packing at low temperatures and restricting movement at high temperatures.

Question 6

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. Predict what will happen to the cell and explain why.

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell and may burst because water enters the cell by osmosis.

Question 7

Which of the following best distinguishes between anabolic and catabolic pathways?

Accepted Answer

Anabolic pathways build complex molecules from simpler ones and require energy; catabolic pathways break down complex molecules and release energy.

Question 8

Which equation correctly relates free energy ($$\Delta G$$), enthalpy ($$\Delta H$$), entropy ($$\Delta S$$), and temperature ($$T) in a $$chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G = \Delta H - T \Delta S$$

Question 9

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction, increasing the reaction rate without being consumed.

Question 10

A patient has a genetic mutation that causes all their enzymes to be nonfunctional at body temperature. Which of the following would most likely occur?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic reactions would proceed extremely slowly, threatening cell survival.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, forming water.

Question 12

Given the equation for cellular respiration: $$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP}$$, which molecule is oxidized and which is reduced?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is oxidized; oxygen is reduced.

Question 13

Which process produces the most ATP during cellular respiration, and approximately how many ATP molecules are generated from one glucose molecule?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation; about 32-34 ATP

Question 14

Which of the following statements about fermentation is correct?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen by regenerating NAD$$^+.$$

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis stores energy in glucose molecules, while cellular respiration releases energy from glucose.

Question 16

Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis occur, and what is their main product?

Accepted Answer

Thylakoid membranes; ATP and NADPH

Question 17

Which adaptation allows CAM plants to minimize photorespiration in hot, arid environments?

Accepted Answer

They open their stomata at night to fix CO$$_2$$ and close them during the day to conserve water.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It provides structural support, enables cell movement, and assists in intracellular transport.

Question 19

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink. What type of solution is the cell in, and what is the process called?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic solution; osmosis

General Biology Exam 2 Study Guide (Chapters 6–10): Step-by-Step Guidance

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard