$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\ \mathrm{O_2$} \rightarrow 6\ \mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\ \mathrm{H_2O} + \text{energy (ATP)}$$

Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why cells are typically small in size?

Accepted Answer

Small cells have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, which facilitates efficient exchange of materials with their environment.

Question 2

Which of the following structures is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes

Question 3

A scientist observes a cell with a prominent central vacuole, chloroplasts, and a cell wall. Which type of cell is being observed?

Accepted Answer

Plant cell

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

It uses ATP to pump $$3 Na$^+$$ ions out of the cell and $$2 K$^+$$ ions into the cell.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane is correct?

Accepted Answer

Proteins and lipids move laterally within the membrane, creating a dynamic and flexible structure.

Question 6

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

It will swell and may burst due to water entering the cell.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the process of facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient through a membrane protein without energy input.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of an anabolic pathway?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis, where glucose is synthesized from CO$$_2$$ and H$$_2O.$$

Question 9

According to the second law of thermodynamics, which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

Every energy transfer increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe.

Question 10

Which of the following equations correctly represents aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\ \mathrm{O_2$} ightarrow 6\ \mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\ \mathrm{H_2O} + 	ext{energy (ATP)}$$

Question 11

During which stage of aerobic respiration is the majority of ATP produced?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain and chemiosmosis)

Question 12

Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

O$$_2$$

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis stores energy in glucose, while cellular respiration releases energy from glucose.

Question 14

Where in the chloroplast do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place?

Accepted Answer

Thylakoid membranes

Question 15

Which enzyme catalyzes the fixation of CO$$_2 in $$the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

Rubisco

Question 16

A plant is exposed to high levels of oxygen and low levels of carbon dioxide. What process is likely to increase, and why is it considered wasteful?

Accepted Answer

Photorespiration; it consumes O$$_2$$ and releases CO$$_2$$ without producing ATP or glucose.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of NAD$$^+ in $$cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

It serves as an electron carrier, accepting electrons during redox reactions.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of an exergonic reaction?

Accepted Answer

A reaction that releases free energy and is spontaneous.

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Providing structural support and facilitating cell movement.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about enzyme inhibitors is correct?

Accepted Answer

Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site, blocking substrate binding.

General Biology Exam 2 Study Guide: Step-by-Step Guidance for Chapters 6–10

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