Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in the context of polymer formation and breakdown?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis removes water to join monomers into polymers, while hydrolysis adds water to break polymers into monomers.

Question 2

Which carbohydrate is a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi?

Accepted Answer

Chitin

Question 3

A patient is diagnosed with sickle cell disease. Which change at the molecular level is responsible for this condition?

Accepted Answer

A substitution of a hydrophobic amino acid for a hydrophilic one in hemoglobin's primary structure.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids form bilayers in water?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids have both hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, causing them to arrange with heads facing water and tails facing inward.

Question 5

Which of the following is true regarding the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds, causing kinks that prevent tight packing.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Cholesterol stabilizes membrane fluidity by preventing tight packing at low temperatures and restraining movement at high temperatures.

Question 7

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink. What type of solution is the cell in?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic

Question 8

Which of the following statements about DNA and RNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA is usually double-stranded, while RNA is usually single-stranded.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis for secretion

Question 10

Which cell junction is unique to plant cells and allows for the direct transfer of materials between adjacent cells?

Accepted Answer

Plasmodesmata

Question 11

Which of the following best describes facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient through a membrane protein, without energy input.

Question 12

A sodium-potassium pump moves sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. Which type of transport is this?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct statement about the First Law of Thermodynamics?

Accepted Answer

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

Question 14

Which equation correctly represents the hydrolysis of a disaccharide into two monosaccharides?

Accepted Answer

$$C_{12}H$$_{22}$$O_{11} + H_2O \rightarrow 2C_6H_{12}O_6$

Question 15

Which of the following best explains how enzymes speed up chemical reactions?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of feedback inhibition in metabolic pathways?

Accepted Answer

The end product of a pathway binds to an enzyme early in the pathway, decreasing its activity.

Question 17

Which of the following amino acids is classified as aromatic?

Accepted Answer

Phenylalanine

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cellular work?

Accepted Answer

ATP couples exergonic and endergonic reactions by transferring a phosphate group.

Question 19

Which of the following is true about microtubules in the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules are hollow tubes made of tubulin and are involved in chromosome movement during cell division.

Question 20

A scientist is studying the movement of glucose into a cell against its concentration gradient. Which type of membrane protein is most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Carrier protein functioning as a cotransporter

General Biology: Macromolecules, Cell Structure, Membranes, and Metabolism Study Guide

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