Q: During aerobic cellular respiration, what is the overall balanced chemical equation for the breakdown of glucose?

$$\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\ \text{O}_2 \rightarrow 6\ \text{CO}_2 + 6\ \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{energy (ATP and heat)}$$

Q: Which process is responsible for the majority of ATP production during aerobic respiration, and what is the main driving force for ATP synthesis?

Oxidative phosphorylation; proton ($$\text{H}^+) $$gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

ATP provides short-term energy by transferring a phosphate group to other molecules, powering cellular work.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and begins to swell until it bursts. Which term best describes the solution, and what is the direction of water movement?

Accepted Answer

The solution is hypotonic; water moves into the cell.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy, allowing reactions to proceed faster.

Question 4

During aerobic cellular respiration, what is the overall balanced chemical equation for the breakdown of glucose?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{C}_6	ext{H}_{12}	ext{O}_6 + 6\ 	ext{O}_2 ightarrow 6\ 	ext{CO}_2 + 6\ 	ext{H}_2	ext{O} + 	ext{energy (ATP and heat)}$$

Question 5

A plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome for the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell will lose water and become plasmolyzed.

Question 6

Which process is responsible for the majority of ATP production during aerobic respiration, and what is the main driving force for ATP synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation; proton ($$	ext{H}^+) $$gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why chlorophyll appears green to the human eye?

Accepted Answer

Chlorophyll reflects green wavelengths and absorbs red and blue.

Question 8

A mutation changes a DNA base from A to T, resulting in a stop codon in the mRNA. What type of mutation is this, and what is its likely effect?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation; results in a truncated, likely nonfunctional protein.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the lac operon in E. coli is correct?

Accepted Answer

The lac operon is repressed when lactose is absent and activated when lactose is present.

Question 10

A woman with genotype AaBb (for two unlinked genes) has children with a man of the same genotype. What is the expected phenotypic ratio among their offspring, assuming complete dominance?

Accepted Answer

9:3:3:1

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibition?

Accepted Answer

Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site, while noncompetitive inhibitors bind elsewhere and change enzyme shape.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct statement about the phases of mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles during anaphase.

Question 13

Which of the following is true regarding the inheritance of linked genes?

Accepted Answer

Linked genes are located on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together.

Question 14

A patient is diagnosed with Down syndrome. Which chromosomal event most likely caused this condition?

Accepted Answer

A nondisjunction event resulting in trisomy 21 during meiosis

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches its anticodon to the mRNA codon.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance in humans?

Accepted Answer

Height

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why fermentation is important for cells under anaerobic conditions?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation regenerates NAD$$^+ so $$glycolysis can continue producing ATP.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO$$_2$$ into G3P.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of tumor suppressor genes?

Accepted Answer

They slow cell division, repair DNA, or trigger cell death when damage is detected.

Question 20

A DNA strand has the sequence 5'-ACTGAGTCA-3'. What is the sequence of the complementary DNA strand (written 5' to 3')?

Accepted Answer

5'-TGACTCAGT-3'

General Biology Study Guide: Cell Function, Cellular Respiration, Photosynthesis, Cellular Reproduction, DNA, Gene Function, and Inheritance

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