Question 1

Which of the following best explains why energy flows through an ecosystem while matter cycles within it?

Accepted Answer

Energy is constantly lost as heat during metabolic processes, while matter such as carbon and nitrogen is recycled by decomposers and reused by producers.

Question 2

A scientist observes that a certain plant grows faster when exposed to blue light compared to red light. She proposes that blue light increases the rate of photosynthesis. Which of the following is the best example of a testable and falsifiable hypothesis based on her observation?

Accepted Answer

If plants are exposed to blue light, then their rate of photosynthesis will be higher than those exposed to red light.

Question 3

A neutral atom has an atomic number of 17 and a mass number of 37. How many neutrons does it have?

Accepted Answer

$$37 - 17 = 20$$ neutrons

Question 4

Which of the following bonds is the most polar, based on the electronegativity values O \u003e N \u003e C \u003e H?

Accepted Answer

O-H

Question 5

Which statement correctly distinguishes between a polar covalent bond and a hydrogen bond in water?

Accepted Answer

A polar covalent bond is the O-H bond within a single water molecule, while a hydrogen bond is the attraction between the partial charges of different water molecules.

Question 6

A solution has a pH of 5. What is the hydrogen ion concentration compared to a solution with pH 7?

Accepted Answer

It is 100 times higher.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why humans can digest starch but not cellulose, while cows can obtain nutrients from cellulose?

Accepted Answer

Humans lack the enzymes to break the specific bonds in cellulose, but cows rely on microorganisms in their digestive tract that produce cellulose-digesting enzymes.

Question 8

Which pathway correctly traces the journey of a protein destined for secretion from the cell?

Accepted Answer

DNA in nucleus $$\rightarrow$$ mRNA $$\rightarrow$$ ribosome on rough ER $$\rightarrow$$ transport vesicle $$\rightarrow$$ Golgi apparatus $$\rightarrow$$ vesicle $$\rightarrow$$ plasma membrane

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of the plant cell's central vacuole?

Accepted Answer

Storing water, wastes, pigments, and helping maintain cell pressure

Question 10

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and swells until it bursts. Which term best describes the solution, and what is the direction of water movement?

Accepted Answer

The solution is hypotonic; water moves into the cell.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport?

Accepted Answer

Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion move substances down their concentration gradient without energy input, but facilitated diffusion requires a protein; active transport moves substances against their gradient and requires energy.

Question 12

What happens to ATP when it releases energy for cellular work?

Accepted Answer

Its terminal phosphate group is removed, forming ADP and inorganic phosphate: $$\mathrm{ATP} \rightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P_i}$$

Question 13

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction but do not change the overall energy released or required.

Question 14

Place the stages of aerobic cellular respiration in the correct order and match each to its location in the cell.

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis (cytoplasm) $$\rightarrow$$ pyruvate oxidation (mitochondrial matrix) $$\rightarrow$$ citric acid cycle (mitochondrial matrix) $$\rightarrow$$ oxidative phosphorylation (inner mitochondrial membrane)

Question 15

Why is fermentation necessary in the absence of oxygen during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation regenerates NAD$$^+ so $$glycolysis can continue to produce ATP.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why yeast must consume glucose faster under anaerobic conditions than under aerobic conditions?

Accepted Answer

Anaerobic metabolism produces much less ATP per glucose, so more glucose must be consumed to meet energy needs.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about the domains of life?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic, while animals, plants, fungi, and protists are in Eukarya.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of NAD$$^+ in $$cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

It acts as an electron carrier, accepting electrons and hydrogen to become NADH.

Question 19

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates natural selection?

Accepted Answer

A population of insects exposed to a pesticide becomes dominated by individuals with a genetic mutation that confers resistance, as susceptible insects die and resistant ones survive and reproduce.

General Biology Study Guide: Chapters 1–6 (Exploring Life, Chemistry, Biomolecules, Cells, Membranes, and Cellular Respiration)

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard