Question 1

Which of the following best describes how living organisms create order without violating the second law of thermodynamics?

Accepted Answer

They increase the entropy of their surroundings by releasing heat and waste, while maintaining order internally.

Question 2

A reaction with a negative $$\Delta G is $$best described as:

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous and exergonic

Question 3

Which molecule is used as the immediate source of energy for most cellular work?

Accepted Answer

ATP

Question 4

How do competitive inhibitors affect enzyme activity?

Accepted Answer

They bind to the active site, blocking substrate binding.

Question 5

Given the following data, at which pH is trypsin most active?

pH: 4.0 (0%), 5.0 (75%), 6.5 (100%), 7.5 (90%), 9.0 (0%)

Accepted Answer

pH 6.5

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why energy is harvested from food in many steps during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

To allow for controlled release and capture of energy in usable forms like ATP.

Question 7

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

O$$_2$$

Question 8

Which of the following best describes chemiosmosis in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

The coupling of the movement of protons down their gradient to the synthesis of ATP.

Question 9

During photosynthesis, what is the original electron donor in the light reactions?

Accepted Answer

H$$_2O$$

Question 10

Why do most plants appear green?

Accepted Answer

They reflect green light and absorb red and blue light.

Question 11

How many molecules of CO$$_2$$ are required to produce one net molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) in the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

3

Question 12

A protein that adds a phosphate group is called a ________, and a protein that removes phosphate groups is known as a ________.

Accepted Answer

Kinase; phosphatase

Question 13

Which characteristic must a signaling molecule have to activate an intracellular receptor?

Accepted Answer

It must be hydrophobic and small.

Question 14

What is the main benefit of a signal transduction cascade in cell signaling?

Accepted Answer

It amplifies the signal, allowing a small number of signaling molecules to produce a large cellular response.

Question 15

If a mutation rendered phosphodiesterase nonfunctional in a cell signaling pathway involving cAMP, what would be the most likely result?

Accepted Answer

cAMP would accumulate, prolonging the signal.

Question 16

Which phase accounts for the majority of the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

Interphase

Question 17

What is the primary difference between cytokinesis in plant and animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Plant cells form a cell plate, while animal cells form a cleavage furrow.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of tumor suppressor genes in cancer?

Accepted Answer

They normally inhibit cell division, and both copies must be mutated to lose function.

Question 19

How can UV light contribute to the development of cancer?

Accepted Answer

By inducing mutations in DNA that can disrupt normal cell cycle regulation.

Question 20

A patient has a mutation in both copies of the BRCA1 gene. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of uncontrolled cell division due to loss of tumor suppressor function.

General Biology Study Guide: Chapters 8–12 and Cancer

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