$$DNA \rightarrow RNA \rightarrow \text{protein}$$

Question 1

Which statement best explains why pigment molecules are essential for vision?

Accepted Answer

Pigment molecules have a molecular structure that enables them to absorb light energy, initiating visual processes.

Question 2

What is the primary function of photoreceptors in the retina?

Accepted Answer

To absorb photons and initiate a conformational change that leads to visual signal transduction.

Question 3

After a photon is absorbed by a photoreceptor pigment, what molecular event occurs?

Accepted Answer

A conformational change in the pigment molecule triggers a cascade of cellular events.

Question 4

Which type of cell in the retina is responsible for color (chromatic) vision?

Accepted Answer

Cone cells

Question 5

A person with only SWS and MWS opsins will have which type of color vision?

Accepted Answer

Dichromatic vision

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental characteristic of life in all organisms?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis

Question 7

How does the scientific meaning of 'theory' differ from its everyday use?

Accepted Answer

In science, a theory is a broad explanation supported by evidence, while in everyday use it often means an untested guess.

Question 8

According to the theory of evolution by natural selection, what explains both the unity and diversity of life?

Accepted Answer

All organisms alive today descended from a common ancestor.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes a phylogenetic tree?

Accepted Answer

A representation of evolutionary relationships, showing both unity and diversity among organisms.

Question 10

What is the correct sequence for the flow of genetic information in cells?

Accepted Answer

$$DNA ightarrow RNA ightarrow 	ext{protein}$$

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by cells in all three domains (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya)?

Accepted Answer

Presence of a nucleus

Question 12

What determines the chemical and physical properties of an amino acid?

Accepted Answer

The side chain (R group)

Question 13

A peptide bond forms between which two groups of adjacent amino acids?

Accepted Answer

The carboxyl group of one and the amino group of another

Question 14

Which statement about the primary structure of a protein is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is the unique sequence of amino acids in the protein.

Question 15

Which process is most directly responsible for populations evolving over time?

Accepted Answer

Populations evolving due to selection acting on heritable traits

Question 16

If a population of organisms is exposed to a new environmental pressure, what is most likely to happen according to natural selection?

Accepted Answer

Individuals with heritable traits that confer an advantage will leave more offspring.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the genetic basis of color vision?

Accepted Answer

A section of DNA codes for an opsin protein, which forms part of a photoreceptor unit in the cell.

Question 18

Which of the following is a unifying concept of biology?

Accepted Answer

Theory of evolution by natural selection

Question 19

Which statement about selection is correct?

Accepted Answer

Selection is directed by circumstances in the environment, which can change over time.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct order for the levels of biological organization from gene to organism?

Accepted Answer

GENE $$\rightarrow$$ PROTEIN $$\rightarrow$$ FUNCTIONAL UNIT (PHOTORECEPTOR) $$\rightarrow$$ CELL $$\rightarrow$$ ORGANISM

General Biology Study Notes: Pigments, Vision, Evolution, and Proteins

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