Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why meiosis, and not mitosis, is essential for sexual reproduction in humans?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half, ensuring that fertilization restores the diploid number.

Question 2

A woman with genotype IAi (blood type A) and a man with genotype IBi (blood type B) have a child. What is the probability that their child will have type O blood?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{4}$$

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 4

A geneticist observes a pedigree where two unaffected parents have a child with a rare genetic disorder. Which inheritance pattern is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal recessive

Question 5

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA contains ribose sugar.

Question 6

In a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous pea plants (AaBb × AaBb), what is the expected phenotypic ratio among the offspring, assuming independent assortment?

Accepted Answer

$$9:3:3:1$$

Question 7

Which process is responsible for generating genetic variation during meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Crossing-over and independent assortment

Question 8

A plant with genotype Tt (T = tall, t = short) is crossed with another Tt plant. What is the probability that an offspring will be homozygous recessive?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{4}$$

Question 9

Which of the following best defines an allele?

Accepted Answer

A version of a gene at a specific locus

Question 10

Which statement about dominant and recessive alleles is correct?

Accepted Answer

A recessive allele is expressed in the phenotype only when two copies are present.

Question 11

A mutation occurs in a gene that changes one nucleotide base. Which of the following is a possible outcome?

Accepted Answer

The mutation may be beneficial, neutral, or harmful.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the outcome of mitosis in human cells?

Accepted Answer

Two diploid cells are produced, each genetically identical to the parent cell.

Question 13

A pedigree shows a trait that appears in every generation and affects both males and females equally. What is the most likely mode of inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal dominant

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of RNA?

Accepted Answer

Long-term storage of genetic information

Question 15

If a child inherits one allele for brown eyes (B, dominant) and one for blue eyes (b, recessive), what is the child's genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype: Bb; Phenotype: brown eyes

Question 16

Which of the following scenarios illustrates codominance?

Accepted Answer

A person with genotype IAIB has both A and B antigens on their red blood cells.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why siblings from the same parents can look different from each other?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis and fertilization create new combinations of alleles.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of a homologous chromosome pair?

Accepted Answer

A pair of chromosomes, one from each parent, carrying the same genes at the same loci.

Question 19

A scientist uses CRISPR to edit a gene in a plant. Which of the following best describes what CRISPR technology allows scientists to do?

Accepted Answer

Precisely modify specific DNA sequences within the genome.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype determines phenotype, but phenotype can also be influenced by the environment.

Genetics Fundamentals: DNA, Chromosomes, Inheritance, and Cell Division

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