Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of cleavage during early human development?

Accepted Answer

Rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote without significant growth, resulting in smaller cells called blastomeres.

Question 2

At what gestational weeks does the transition from the embryonic stage to the fetal stage typically occur in humans?

Accepted Answer

At the end of week 8.

Question 3

Which extra-embryonic membrane is primarily responsible for gas exchange and waste removal in the developing embryo?

Accepted Answer

Allantois

Question 4

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is crucial during early pregnancy because it:

Accepted Answer

Maintains the corpus luteum, ensuring continued production of progesterone.

Question 5

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of a teratogen?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol

Question 7

During which period is the developing human most sensitive to teratogens?

Accepted Answer

During the embryonic stage (weeks 3-8)

Question 8

Which germ layer gives rise to the nervous system and skin?

Accepted Answer

Ectoderm

Question 9

What is the primary function of apoptosis during organ formation?

Accepted Answer

Elimination of unnecessary cells to shape organs and tissues.

Question 10

Which prenatal diagnostic test involves sampling placental tissue to detect chromosomal abnormalities?

Accepted Answer

Chorionic villi sampling

Question 11

Who is considered the founder/father of modern genetics?

Accepted Answer

Gregor Mendel

Question 12

If a heterozygous individual ($$Aa) is $$crossed with a homozygous recessive individual ($$aa$$), what is the expected genotypic ratio of the offspring?

Accepted Answer

$$1:1 (Aa$$:aa)

Question 13

Which term describes a situation where both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote?

Accepted Answer

Codominance

Question 14

A woman who is a carrier for an X-linked recessive disorder ($$X^NX^n) $$and a man who does not have the disorder ($$X^NY) $$have a son. What is the probability that their son will have the disorder?

Accepted Answer

$$50\%$$

Question 15

Trisomy 21, which causes Down syndrome, is an example of which type of chromosomal abnormality?

Accepted Answer

Aneuploidy

Question 16

Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by which type of chromosomal abnormality?

Accepted Answer

Deletion

Question 17

Which of the following best describes a test cross and its purpose?

Accepted Answer

Crossing an individual with a dominant phenotype with a homozygous recessive to determine the unknown genotype.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance?

Accepted Answer

A cross between red and white snapdragons producing pink offspring.

Question 19

Which prenatal diagnostic test analyzes fetal DNA fragments circulating in maternal blood?

Accepted Answer

cfDNA testing

Question 20

A dihybrid cross between two individuals heterozygous for both traits ($$AaBb 	imes AaBb) $$will produce offspring with what expected phenotypic ratio?

Accepted Answer

$$9:3:3:1$$

Human Development and Genetics: Key Concepts and Applications

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