Question 1

Which of the following best describes the flow of genetic information according to the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA \rightarrow RNA \rightarrow Protein

Question 2

A DNA sequence is 5'–ATG CAT GCA TGC–3'. What is the corresponding mRNA sequence produced during transcription?

Accepted Answer

5'–UAC GUA CGU ACG–3'

Question 3

If a point mutation changes a codon from GAG to GUG in the mRNA, what type of mutation is this and what is the likely effect?

Accepted Answer

Missense mutation; changes glutamic acid to valine

Question 4

Which of the following mutations is most likely to result in a nonfunctional protein, as seen in cystic fibrosis cases with a deleted phenylalanine codon?

Accepted Answer

Frameshift mutation

Question 5

Given the DNA template strand 3'–GGACTCCTTCAGG–5', what is the mRNA sequence produced?

Accepted Answer

5'–CCUGAGGAGAAGUCC–3'

Question 6

A mouse with genotype Bb (B = brown, b = white) mates with a bb mouse. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring?

Accepted Answer

1/2 brown, 1/2 white

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why most point mutations are neutral?

Accepted Answer

The genetic code is redundant, so some changes do not alter the amino acid

Question 8

If a DNA sequence is mutated from TAC to GAC, what is the effect on the amino acid sequence?

Accepted Answer

A change from tyrosine to aspartic acid

Question 9

Which process is responsible for the ultimate source of new alleles in a population?

Accepted Answer

Mutation

Question 10

A nonsense mutation occurs in a gene. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The protein is shortened due to an early stop codon

Question 11

In the pedigree shown, shaded circles represent affected females and shaded squares represent affected males. If the trait is autosomal recessive, what is the genotype of an affected individual?

Accepted Answer

bb

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a property of life?

Accepted Answer

Cannot respond to the environment

Question 13

During translation, which molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

tRNA

Question 14

A frameshift mutation occurs due to the insertion of a nucleotide. What is the most likely effect on the protein?

Accepted Answer

The reading frame is shifted, altering all subsequent amino acids

Question 15

Which amino acid is coded by the mRNA codon UUU?

Accepted Answer

Phenylalanine

Question 16

If a mouse has the genotype Mm for the Mc1r gene, what is the expected phenotypic ratio for pigment in the offspring of a Mm x Mm cross?

Accepted Answer

3/4 dark, 1/4 light

Question 17

Which of the following best describes a missense mutation?

Accepted Answer

A mutation that changes one amino acid in the protein

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world example of a beneficial mutation?

Accepted Answer

A mutation that increases resistance to malaria in hemoglobin

Question 19

What is the expected genotypic ratio for the offspring of a Mm x Mm cross?

Accepted Answer

1/4 MM, 1/2 Mm, 1/4 mm

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of the promoter region in a gene?

Accepted Answer

It initiates transcription by binding RNA polymerase

Information Flow, Mutations, and Mendelian Genetics in General Biology

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