$$\text{Monomer}_1 + \text{Monomer}_2 \rightarrow \text{Polymer} + H_2O$$

Question 1

Which functional group is nonpolar and commonly found in lipids, affecting their hydrophobic properties?

Accepted Answer

Methyl group

Question 2

A dehydration reaction is essential in forming macromolecules. Which equation best represents this process?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Monomer}_1 + 	ext{Monomer}_2 ightarrow 	ext{Polymer} + H_2O$$

Question 3

Which carbohydrate is primarily used for energy storage in animals and is broken down by enzymes that hydrolyze $$\alpha-1$$,4 glycosidic linkages?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen

Question 4

A patient is unable to digest cellulose but can digest starch. What is the biochemical reason for this?

Accepted Answer

Cellulose contains $$\beta-1$$,4 linkages, which humans lack enzymes to hydrolyze.

Question 5

Which statement best explains why unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature?

Accepted Answer

They contain double bonds, causing kinks that prevent tight packing.

Question 6

Which level of protein structure is directly stabilized by hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms, forming $$\alpha-$$helices and $$\beta-$$sheets?

Accepted Answer

Secondary structure

Question 7

A mutation causes a protein to unfold at normal body temperature. Which process has occurred?

Accepted Answer

Denaturation

Question 8

Which of the following correctly describes the hydrogen bonding pattern in DNA according to Chargaff's rule?

Accepted Answer

$$A$$ pairs with $$T$$ via 2 hydrogen bonds; $$G$$ pairs with $$C$$ via 3 hydrogen bonds.

Question 9

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins that are exported from the cell?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 10

According to the endosymbiotic theory, which evidence supports the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from prokaryotic ancestors?

Accepted Answer

Double membranes and their own circular DNA

Question 11

A freshwater protist uses a contractile vacuole to maintain osmotic balance. What type of environment is it living in?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic

Question 12

Which equation correctly represents water potential ($$\Psi) in $$plant cells?

Accepted Answer

$$\Psi = \Psi_s + \Psi_p$$

Question 13

Which process moves materials against their concentration gradient and requires ATP?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 14

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

It will shrink as water leaves.

Question 15

Which type of membrane protein is embedded within the phospholipid bilayer and is essential for selective permeability?

Accepted Answer

Integral protein

Question 16

Which transport mechanism uses one molecule's gradient to move another molecule against its gradient, such as sucrose-H$$^+$$ cotransport?

Accepted Answer

Coupled transport

Question 17

Why does a higher surface area to volume (SA/V) ratio increase the efficiency of material exchange in cells?

Accepted Answer

It provides more membrane area for exchange relative to cell volume.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizes proteins

Question 19

Which process involves the cell engulfing large particles or microorganisms, such as a white blood cell consuming bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 20

Which property of the plasma membrane allows $$O_2$$ and $$CO_2 to $$freely pass through, but restricts ions and large polar molecules?

Accepted Answer

Selective permeability

Macromolecules, Cell Structure, and Membrane Transport: General Biology Study Notes

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