Question 1

Which of the following best describes a condensation (dehydration synthesis) reaction in the formation of macromolecules?

Accepted Answer

A reaction that joins two monomers together by removing a water molecule.

Question 2

Which bond links monosaccharides together in polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose?

Accepted Answer

Glycosidic bond

Question 3

A biologist is comparing the structure of glucose in its alpha and beta forms. Which difference is most significant between these two forms?

Accepted Answer

The position of the hydroxyl group on carbon 1

Question 4

Which of the following is a major structural difference between an aldose and a ketose sugar?

Accepted Answer

Aldoses have a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain, while ketoses have it within the chain.

Question 5

Why can't humans digest cellulose, even though it is made of glucose monomers?

Accepted Answer

Humans lack the enzyme to break the $$\beta-1$$,4-glycosidic bonds in cellulose.

Question 6

Which of the following is TRUE about phospholipids in biological membranes?

Accepted Answer

They form a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.

Question 7

A fatty acid contains a double bond in its hydrocarbon chain. What effect does this have on its structure and properties?

Accepted Answer

It introduces a kink in the chain, making the fatty acid unsaturated and more fluid.

Question 8

Which of the following is the correct general structure of an amino acid?

Accepted Answer

A central carbon atom bonded to an amino group ($$\mathrm{NH_2$}$$), a carboxyl group ($$\mathrm{COOH}$$), a hydrogen atom, and an R group.

Question 9

What type of bond holds amino acids together in a protein's primary structure?

Accepted Answer

Peptide bond

Question 10

Which level of protein structure is directly affected when a protein is denatured by heat?

Accepted Answer

Secondary and tertiary structures

Question 11

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.

Question 12

Which of the following correctly describes the difference between a nucleotide and a nucleoside?

Accepted Answer

A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group; a nucleoside lacks the phosphate group.

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct complementary base pairing in DNA?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{A}$$ pairs with $$\mathrm{T}$$, $$\mathrm{G}$$ pairs with $$\mathrm{C}$$

Question 14

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the new DNA strand by adding nucleotides?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the antiparallel nature of DNA?

Accepted Answer

One strand runs 5' to 3', while the other runs 3' to 5'.

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of RNA in cells?

Accepted Answer

Catalyzing protein synthesis as part of ribosomes

Question 17

Which of the following is TRUE about glycogen and starch?

Accepted Answer

Both are storage polysaccharides, but glycogen is found in animals and starch in plants.

Question 18

A scientist is analyzing a sample of DNA and finds that 30% of the bases are adenine. According to Chargaff's rules, what percentage of the bases should be cytosine?

Accepted Answer

20%

Question 19

Which of the following is a difference between RNA and DNA nucleotides?

Accepted Answer

RNA nucleotides contain ribose sugar, while DNA nucleotides contain deoxyribose.

Macromolecules: Structure, Function, and Biological Importance

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