Q: Which equation correctly represents the overall process of cellular respiration?

$$\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6 \text{O}_2 \rightarrow 6 \text{CO}_2 + 6 \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{energy}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between anabolic and catabolic pathways in metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Anabolic pathways build complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input, while catabolic pathways break down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.

Question 2

According to the second law of thermodynamics, which of the following statements is true regarding energy transformations in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

Every energy transfer increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe, and some energy is lost as heat.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the overall process of cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{C}_6	ext{H}_{12}	ext{O}_6 + 6 	ext{O}_2 ightarrow 6 	ext{CO}_2 + 6 	ext{H}_2	ext{O} + 	ext{energy}$$

Question 4

How does ATP couple exergonic and endergonic reactions in cells?

Accepted Answer

ATP hydrolysis releases energy (exergonic), which can be used to drive endergonic reactions.

Question 5

Which of the following factors would most likely decrease the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the substrate concentration beyond enzyme saturation.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, forming water.

Question 7

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to the 3’ end?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the lagging and leading strands during DNA replication is correct?

Accepted Answer

The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments called Okazaki fragments.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between the template strand and the coding strand during transcription?

Accepted Answer

The template strand is used by RNA polymerase to synthesize mRNA, which is complementary to it.

Question 10

Which of the following correctly matches the type of RNA with its function during translation?

Accepted Answer

rRNA: forms the core of the ribosome and catalyzes peptide bond formation

Question 11

A mutation changes a codon from $$	ext{UAC} ($$tyrosine) to $$	ext{UAA} ($$stop codon). What type of mutation is this, and what is its likely effect?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation; results in premature termination of translation

Question 12

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 13

Which of the following events occurs during metaphase of mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plate.

Question 14

Which of the following statements best explains the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells, while meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid cells.

Question 15

Which of the following is a key difference between mitosis in plant and animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Plant cells form a cell plate during cytokinesis, while animal cells form a cleavage furrow.

Question 16

A human cell with 46 chromosomes undergoes meiosis. How many chromosomes will each resulting gamete contain?

Accepted Answer

23

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the human life cycle?

Accepted Answer

Humans are diploid as adults, and gametes are haploid, produced by meiosis.

Question 18

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how the first law of thermodynamics applies to cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Energy from glucose is converted into ATP and heat, but the total energy is conserved.

Question 19

During translation, which direction is the polypeptide synthesized?

Accepted Answer

From the N-terminus to the C-terminus

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why nucleotides are always added to the 3’ end during DNA replication and transcription?

Accepted Answer

The 3’ end has a free hydroxyl group that forms a phosphodiester bond with the incoming nucleotide.

Metabolism, Energy, and Cell Division: Study Guide

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