Question 1

Which of the following best describes the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 2

A patient is found to have a mutation in a gene that does not change the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein. What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Silent mutation

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity?

Accepted Answer

It results in the random assortment of chromosomes and recombination during meiosis.

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct pairing of nucleotides in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Adenine pairs with thymine

Question 5

A scientist is studying a gene that is no longer functional but shares significant sequence similarity with a functional gene in another species. What is this gene called?

Accepted Answer

Pseudogene

Question 6

Which of the following omics fields focuses on the comprehensive study of all proteins expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism?

Accepted Answer

Proteomics

Question 7

A mutation causes the replacement of one nucleotide with another, resulting in a different amino acid in the protein sequence. What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Missense mutation

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is usually double-stranded, while RNA is usually single-stranded.

Question 9

Which of the following evolutionary mechanisms is described by the accumulation of deleterious mutations in asexual populations due to the lack of recombination?

Accepted Answer

Muller’s Ratchet

Question 10

Which of the following best explains the role of HOX genes in animal development?

Accepted Answer

They regulate the identity and arrangement of body segments along the anterior-posterior axis.

Question 11

A researcher is analyzing the complete set of small-molecule metabolites in a cell under different environmental conditions. Which field of study is this?

Accepted Answer

Metabolomics

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of lateral gene transfer?

Accepted Answer

A bacterium acquiring antibiotic resistance genes from another species via a plasmid.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes heterochrony in evolutionary biology?

Accepted Answer

A change in the timing of developmental events.

Question 14

Which of the following events is most closely associated with the end of the Precambrian era and the beginning of the Paleozoic era?

Accepted Answer

A dramatic increase in atmospheric oxygen and the Cambrian explosion of animal diversity.

Question 15

A gene is expressed only when inherited from the mother, not the father. Which type of gene is this?

Accepted Answer

Maternal effect gene

Question 16

Which of the following best describes homologous genes?

Accepted Answer

Genes that share a common evolutionary ancestor.

Question 17

Which of the following is a direct result of a frameshift mutation caused by a nucleotide insertion?

Accepted Answer

The reading frame of the gene is altered, potentially changing every amino acid downstream.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why eras and periods in Earth's history are defined?

Accepted Answer

By physical changes in the Earth, changes in the atmosphere, and dramatic changes in life’s diversity.

Question 19

A scientist is sequencing the entire genome of a newly discovered bacterium. Which field of study does this research belong to?

Accepted Answer

Genomics

Question 20

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates heterotropy?

Accepted Answer

A gene is expressed in a new location, leading to the development of a novel structure.

Molecular Biology and Evolution: Key Concepts and Processes

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