Question 1

Which structural feature is unique to bacterial cell walls and is targeted by antibiotics such as penicillin?

Accepted Answer

Peptidoglycan

Question 2

A scientist discovers a prokaryote living in a hot spring with a pH of 2. Which group does this organism most likely belong to?

Accepted Answer

Thermoacidophilic Archaea

Question 3

Which process allows bacteria to acquire new genetic material from their environment, increasing genetic diversity?

Accepted Answer

Transformation

Question 4

What is the main reason prokaryotes can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes?

Accepted Answer

High mutation rates during rapid reproduction

Question 5

Which metabolic adaptation allows cyanobacteria to contribute to the nitrogen cycle in aquatic environments?

Accepted Answer

Nitrogen fixation in heterocysts

Question 6

A patient is prescribed ciprofloxacin for a bacterial infection. What cellular process does this antibiotic inhibit?

Accepted Answer

DNA synthesis

Question 7

Which equation best represents the process of binary fission in bacteria, assuming each cell divides every hour for $$n$$ hours starting with one cell?

Accepted Answer

$$N = 2^n$$

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a source of genetic diversity in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis

Question 9

Why are Gram-negative bacteria generally more resistant to antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They have an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides that restrict antibiotic entry.

Question 10

Which ecological role do decomposer bacteria play in soil nutrient cycling?

Accepted Answer

They break down organic matter, releasing nutrients for plant uptake.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about Archaea is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Their cell membranes are chemically distinct and lack peptidoglycan.

Question 12

A mutualistic relationship between humans and gut bacteria is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Both organisms benefit; bacteria aid digestion and synthesize vitamins.

Question 13

Which group of prokaryotes is responsible for methane production in anaerobic environments?

Accepted Answer

Methanogenic Archaea

Question 14

During conjugation in bacteria, what is transferred from the donor to the recipient cell?

Accepted Answer

A plasmid containing genetic material

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the role of bioremediation in environmental cleanup?

Accepted Answer

Using bacteria to metabolize and break down pollutants such as oil spills

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the nitrogen cycle involving prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Nitrogen fixation $$\rightarrow$$ Nitrification $$\rightarrow$$ Denitrification

Question 17

Which of the following is a plausible reason why less than 1% of bacteria are pathogenic to humans?

Accepted Answer

Most bacteria play beneficial roles such as decomposition and nutrient cycling.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the genetic material in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

A single, circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region

Question 19

Which adaptation allows some bacteria to survive harsh conditions such as extreme heat or desiccation?

Accepted Answer

Formation of endospores

Question 20

Which of the following is a major difference between Bacteria and Archaea?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, while Archaea do not.

Prokaryotes: Eubacteria and Archaea – Structure, Diversity, and Evolution

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