Question 1

Which structural feature is unique to bacterial cell walls and is targeted by antibiotics such as penicillin?

Accepted Answer

Peptidoglycan

Question 2

A scientist discovers a microorganism living in a hot spring with a pH of 2. Which group does this organism most likely belong to?

Accepted Answer

Thermoacidophilic Archaea

Question 3

Which process allows prokaryotes to exchange genetic material through direct cell-to-cell contact?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation

Question 4

What is the primary reason prokaryotes can evolve rapidly?

Accepted Answer

Short generation times and high mutation rates

Question 5

Which metabolic adaptation allows certain prokaryotes to survive in environments without oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Obligate anaerobiosis

Question 6

A patient is prescribed ciprofloxacin for a bacterial infection. What cellular process does this antibiotic inhibit?

Accepted Answer

DNA synthesis

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a source of genetic diversity in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis

Question 8

In the nitrogen cycle, which specialized prokaryotic cell type is responsible for nitrogen fixation in Anabaena?

Accepted Answer

Heterocyst

Question 9

Which equation best represents the process of binary fission in bacteria, assuming a starting population of $$N_0$$ and $$n$$ generations?

Accepted Answer

$$N = N_0$ 	imes 2^n$$

Question 10

Which of the following statements about Archaea is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Their cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan.

Question 11

Which ecological role do decomposer bacteria play in soil nutrient availability?

Accepted Answer

They recycle organic matter, increasing nutrient availability for plants.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer; Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane.

Question 13

Which of the following is a real-world example of bioremediation using bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Spraying fertilizer to stimulate native bacteria to break down oil spills.

Question 14

Which of the following is a mutualistic relationship involving prokaryotes in humans?

Accepted Answer

Intestinal bacteria synthesizing vitamins and aiding digestion.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why antibiotics can have side effects such as killing normal flora?

Accepted Answer

Antibiotics target metabolic pathways found in both pathogenic and beneficial bacteria.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a major phylogenetic group of prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Diplomonads

Question 17

Which adaptation allows some bacteria to survive harsh conditions such as extreme heat or desiccation?

Accepted Answer

Formation of endospores

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the evolutionary relationship among Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota?

Accepted Answer

Archaea are more closely related to Eukaryota than to Bacteria.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of plasmids in bacterial cells?

Accepted Answer

They carry extra genetic information, often including antibiotic resistance genes.

Prokaryotes: Eubacteria and Archaea – Structure, Diversity, and Evolution

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