Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between linear and cyclic electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Linear electron flow produces both ATP and NADPH, while cyclic electron flow produces only ATP.

Question 2

A plant is genetically modified to lack Photosystem II. Which of the following would most likely be observed in this plant?

Accepted Answer

The plant would be unable to produce oxygen during photosynthesis.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about chemiosmosis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Chemiosmosis uses the energy stored in a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive the synthesis of ATP.

Question 4

During aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells, which stage produces the most ATP, and by what mechanism is this ATP generated?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation in the inner mitochondrial membrane; ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why C4 photosynthesis is more efficient than C3 photosynthesis in hot, arid environments?

Accepted Answer

C4 plants minimize photorespiration by spatially separating initial carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle, keeping $$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$ concentrations high for Rubisco.

Question 6

A patient’s muscle cells are deprived of oxygen during intense exercise. Which metabolic pathway will their cells primarily use to generate ATP, and what is the net ATP yield per glucose molecule?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation; 2 ATP per glucose

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{H_2O} \rightarrow \mathrm{NADPH} \rightarrow$$ Calvin Cycle

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of Rubisco in photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Rubisco catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle, fixing $$\mathrm{CO_2$} to a 5-$$carbon sugar.

Question 9

Which of the following adaptations allows CAM plants to survive in arid environments?

Accepted Answer

They open their stomata at night to take in $$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$ and store it as organic acids, then close stomata during the day.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about fermentation is correct?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation regenerates NAD$$^+ so $$glycolysis can continue in the absence of oxygen.

Question 11

A scientist is studying a bacterium that can survive in both the presence and absence of oxygen by switching between aerobic respiration and fermentation. This bacterium is best described as:

Accepted Answer

A facultative anaerobe

Question 12

Which of the following is a benefit of having multiple types of photosynthetic pigments in plants?

Accepted Answer

They broaden the spectrum of light wavelengths that can be absorbed for photosynthesis.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of phosphofructokinase in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

It regulates glycolysis by catalyzing an irreversible commitment step, and is inhibited by ATP and citrate.

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding the products and location of glycolysis in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and produces 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP (net), and 2 NADH per glucose.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct comparison between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Both use an electron transport chain, but aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor while anaerobic respiration uses a different molecule.

Question 16

A mutation causes a plant’s Rubisco enzyme to bind oxygen more frequently than carbon dioxide. What is the most likely consequence for the plant?

Accepted Answer

Increased photorespiration, leading to decreased photosynthetic output.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of stomata in plant leaves?

Accepted Answer

They are pores that allow gas exchange, letting $$\mathrm{CO_2$} in $$and $$\mathrm{O_2$}$$ and water vapor out.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of the products and location of the citric acid cycle in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH$$_2$$, and 4 CO$$_2$$ per glucose.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between reduction and oxidation in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Reduction is the gain of electrons, while oxidation is the loss of electrons.

Step-by-Step Study Guidance for General Biology: Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

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