Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids?

Accepted Answer

Homologous chromosomes are inherited from each parent and contain the same genes but may have different alleles, while sister chromatids are identical copies formed during DNA replication.

Question 2

During which phase of the cell cycle are organelles primarily replicated to prepare for cell division?

Accepted Answer

G1 phase

Question 3

A scientist observes a cell with chromosomes aligned at the center of the cell. Which phase of mitosis is this cell in?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 4

What is the primary function of the spindle apparatus during mitosis?

Accepted Answer

To separate sister chromatids and move them to opposite poles of the cell

Question 5

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle ensures that all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle before proceeding to anaphase?

Accepted Answer

M checkpoint (spindle checkpoint)

Question 6

A cell is observed to have a cleavage furrow forming. What type of cell is this most likely, and what process is occurring?

Accepted Answer

Animal cell; cytokinesis

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between benign and malignant tumors?

Accepted Answer

Malignant tumors can metastasize to other parts of the body, while benign tumors remain localized.

Question 8

If a human cell has 46 chromosomes at the start of the cell cycle, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after mitosis?

Accepted Answer

46

Question 9

Which of the following proteins is directly responsible for regulating the progression of the cell cycle by forming complexes with cyclins?

Accepted Answer

Cdks (cyclin-dependent kinases)

Question 10

A mutation in a tumor suppressor gene can lead to cancer because:

Accepted Answer

It causes uncontrolled cell division by failing to inhibit the cell cycle.

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the number of chromatids present in a human cell during the S phase, given that humans have 46 chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

$$46 \times 2 = 92$$

Question 12

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 13

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a proto-oncogene. What is the most likely effect of this mutation?

Accepted Answer

The cell divides uncontrollably, increasing cancer risk.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why mitosis is only one phase of the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

The cell cycle includes interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitosis, with interphase accounting for most of the cycle.

Question 15

Which of the following events occurs during cytokinesis in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Formation of a cleavage furrow by actin filaments

Question 16

A researcher treats cells with a drug that inhibits cyclin production. What is the most likely outcome for these cells?

Accepted Answer

Cells will be unable to pass cell cycle checkpoints and will not divide.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the G2 checkpoint is correct?

Accepted Answer

It ensures DNA has been completely and accurately replicated before mitosis.

Question 18

If a cell fails to attach all chromosomes to spindle fibers during metaphase, what is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The M checkpoint will prevent progression to anaphase, halting the cell cycle.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of growth factors in the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

They are external signals that stimulate cells to divide.

Question 20

A cell with a defective p53 gene is exposed to DNA-damaging radiation. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The cell will continue to divide despite the DNA damage, increasing the risk of cancer.

Study Notes: The Cell Cycle in Eukaryotic Cells

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