Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity in animals?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity relies on traits common to groups of pathogens, while adaptive immunity relies on pathogen-specific receptors.

Question 2

Which physical barrier is NOT part of the innate immune system in vertebrates?

Accepted Answer

Bone marrow

Question 3

In insects, which enzyme in the digestive system helps protect against pathogens by breaking down bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Lysozyme

Question 4

Which type of mammalian cell is primarily responsible for recruiting neutrophils to the site of infection by releasing cytokines?

Accepted Answer

Macrophages

Question 5

What is the main function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in mammalian innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

To recognize molecular patterns characteristic of groups of pathogens

Question 6

Which process describes the ingestion and breakdown of foreign substances by immune cells?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 7

During the inflammatory response, which molecule released by mast cells causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable?

Accepted Answer

Histamine

Question 8

Which of the following is a consequence of systemic inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

Fever due to substances released by macrophages resetting the body's thermostat

Question 9

A patient receives antivenin after a snake bite. What type of immunity is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

Artificial passive immunity

Question 10

Which equation best represents the number of possible combinations for B cell light-chain gene segments, given 40 variable (V) segments and 5 joining (J) segments?

Accepted Answer

$$40 	imes 5 = 200$$

Question 11

Which of the following statements about antibodies is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies mark pathogens for destruction and can neutralize toxins.

Question 12

What is the role of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in T cell activation?

Accepted Answer

They display antigen fragments on the host cell surface for recognition by T cells.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why flu vaccines must be updated every year?

Accepted Answer

The influenza virus undergoes antigenic variation, changing the epitopes it expresses.

Question 14

A person with type 1 diabetes has an immune system that attacks insulin-producing cells. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune disease

Question 15

Which of the following is a shared characteristic of human herpesviruses that allows them to evade the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Latency, where the virus remains inactive in host cells until reactivated

Question 16

Which accessory protein on helper T cells binds to class II MHC molecules, helping keep the cells joined during activation?

Accepted Answer

CD4

Question 17

Which of the following is a direct result of clonal selection after a lymphocyte is activated?

Accepted Answer

Production of a clone of identical effector and memory cells

Question 18

Which type of cell is responsible for killing virally infected or cancerous cells by releasing toxic proteins?

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between active and passive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Active immunity involves the body producing its own antibodies, while passive immunity involves receiving antibodies from another source.

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-world example of immunological memory?

Accepted Answer

A person who recovers from measles is protected from future measles infections for decades.

The Immune System: Structure and Function (Campbell Biology in Focus, Chapter 35)

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