Question 1

Which of the following best describes the flow of genetic information according to the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA → RNA → Protein

Question 2

During transcription, which strand of DNA is used as the template for mRNA synthesis, and in which direction is the mRNA synthesized?

Accepted Answer

The template strand; 5' → 3'

Question 3

What is the primary function of a promoter sequence in a gene?

Accepted Answer

It signals where transcription should begin.

Question 4

Which of the following modifications occur to eukaryotic mRNA before it leaves the nucleus?

Accepted Answer

Addition of a 5' cap, splicing of introns, and addition of a poly(A) tail

Question 5

A mutation in the promoter region of a gene is most likely to affect which aspect of gene expression?

Accepted Answer

The timing, location, or amount of transcription

Question 6

Which of the following statements about gene expression in multicellular organisms is correct?

Accepted Answer

Different cell types express different sets of genes, leading to different proteins and functions.

Question 7

During the elongation phase of transcription, which chemical bond is formed between nucleotides?

Accepted Answer

Phosphodiester bond

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why a single gene can code for multiple proteins in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Alternative splicing of exons

Question 9

If the template DNA strand has the sequence 5'-ATGCCGTA-3', what will be the sequence of the mRNA produced?

Accepted Answer

3'-UACGGCAU-5'

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a function of the 5' cap added to eukaryotic mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Coding for the start amino acid

Question 11

Which of the following sequences is removed from the pre-mRNA during processing and does NOT code for protein?

Accepted Answer

Intron

Question 12

A scientist discovers a mutation that prevents the binding of transcription factors to the promoter region of a gene. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The gene will not be transcribed.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about the directionality of nucleic acid synthesis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Both DNA and RNA are synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of RNA polymerase during transcription?

Accepted Answer

It unwinds the DNA and synthesizes a complementary RNA strand.

Question 15

In a multicellular organism, what is the main reason that a muscle cell and a white blood cell have different functions?

Accepted Answer

They express different sets of genes.

Question 16

Which of the following events occurs during the termination phase of transcription?

Accepted Answer

The mRNA transcript is released from the DNA template.

Question 17

A patient has a genetic disorder caused by a mutation that leads to the loss of the poly(A) tail on mRNA. Which of the following is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The mRNA will be rapidly degraded and not efficiently translated.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why changes in DNA sequence can lead to changes in protein function?

Accepted Answer

DNA sequence determines mRNA sequence, which determines amino acid sequence in proteins.

Question 19

Which of the following is true regarding the use of template and coding strands during transcription?

Accepted Answer

Only one strand is used as a template for a given gene, but the template strand can differ between genes.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the process of cellular differentiation during development?

Accepted Answer

Cells express different genes, leading to different proteins and functions.

Transcription and Gene Expression: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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