Question 1

Which enzyme is responsible for phosphorylating glucose during the first step of glycolysis, and what is the immediate product of this reaction?

Accepted Answer

Hexokinase; Glucose 6-phosphate

Question 2

During glycolysis, which molecule acts as an electron carrier, and what is its reduced form?

Accepted Answer

NAD+; NADH

Question 3

What is the main function of fermentation in the context of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

To regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the role of the electron transport chain (ETC) in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

It pumps protons to create an electrochemical gradient used to power ATP synthase

Question 5

Which complex in the ETC is the entry point for electrons from FADH2?

Accepted Answer

Complex 2

Question 6

What is the final electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($$O_2)$$

Question 7

Which protein is the main structural component of connective tissue and is characterized by a triple helical structure?

Accepted Answer

Collagen

Question 8

Which type of cell junction is responsible for sealing neighboring cells together to prevent leakage of molecules between them?

Accepted Answer

Tight junction

Question 9

A mutation in the gene encoding for connexin proteins would most likely affect which type of cell junction?

Accepted Answer

Gap junction

Question 10

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for intracellular transport and is composed of alpha-beta tubulin dimers?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of integrins in cell-matrix interactions?

Accepted Answer

They connect the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix and transmit signals

Question 12

Which tissue type is characterized by cells that are specialized for contraction and movement?

Accepted Answer

Muscle tissue

Question 13

Which of the following is a specialized protein in the extracellular matrix that is important for cell adhesion?

Accepted Answer

Fibronectin

Question 14

A patient with a genetic defect in elastin would most likely have problems with which organ system?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory system

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of substrate-level phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

ATP is produced directly by transferring a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

Question 16

Which cell junction is responsible for anchoring intermediate filaments in a cell to the basal lamina?

Accepted Answer

Hemidesmosome

Question 17

Which of the following is a proteoglycan found in the extracellular matrix?

Accepted Answer

Aggrecan

Question 18

Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, generating ATP in the process?

Accepted Answer

Pyruvate kinase

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the basal lamina is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

It provides structural support and regulates cell behavior

Question 20

A researcher observes that cells lacking calcium ions fail to adhere to each other. Which cell adhesion molecule is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Cadherin

Cellular Energy Metabolism, Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Junctions

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