$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA}$$

$$\text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 2

Which nucleotide is present in RNA but not in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Uracil

Question 3

A DNA template strand has the sequence 5'-CTGA-3'. What is the sequence of the mRNA produced from this template?

Accepted Answer

5'-GACU-3'

Question 4

Which RNA polymerase is responsible for synthesizing mRNA in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase II

Question 5

What is the function of the poly(A) tail added to eukaryotic mRNA?

Accepted Answer

It protects mRNA from nuclease degradation and aids in export and translation.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a function of the 5' cap on eukaryotic mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Initiates transcription

Question 7

During mRNA processing in eukaryotes, what happens to introns?

Accepted Answer

They are removed by the spliceosome and degraded.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes alternative splicing?

Accepted Answer

The use of different combinations of exons to produce multiple mRNA isoforms from a single gene.

Question 9

Which of the following is a chain terminator used in Sanger sequencing?

Accepted Answer

Dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (ddNTP)

Question 10

Which protein complex is responsible for recognizing splice sites and removing introns from pre-mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Spliceosome

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the process of transcription?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA}$$

Question 12

Which enzyme is responsible for adding the poly(A) tail to mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Poly(A) polymerase

Question 13

Which of the following statements about miRNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

miRNA regulates gene expression post-transcriptionally by binding to target mRNAs.

Question 14

Which of the following is a real-life application of the gel shift/retardation assay?

Accepted Answer

Confirming DNA-protein interactions, such as transcription factor binding to promoter regions.

Question 15

Which of the following is a post-transcriptional modification that can change the sequence of RNA?

Accepted Answer

RNA editing

Question 16

In the reproductive cycle of a retrovirus, which enzyme converts viral RNA into DNA?

Accepted Answer

Reverse transcriptase

Question 17

Which of the following is a mechanism by which T-cells can inhibit HIV replication?

Accepted Answer

APOBEC3G-mediated DNA editing

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of transcription factors in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

They bind to promoter regions and help RNA polymerase initiate transcription.

Question 19

Which of the following equations represents the process of translation?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 20

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of a mutation in the branch-point sequence of an intron?

Accepted Answer

Impaired splicing, leading to retention of the intron in the mature mRNA.

Gene Expression: From DNA to RNA to Protein

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