{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q1. What is the simplified form of "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{a^{-8}}{a^3}"}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Exponents and Indices"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the rules for dividing exponents with the same base."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"When dividing exponents with the same base: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{a^m}{a^n} = a^{m-n}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Negative exponents: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{-n} = \\frac{1}{a^n}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify the exponents in the numerator and denominator: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{-8}"}},{"type":"text","text":" (numerator), "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^3"}},{"type":"text","text":" (denominator)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Apply the division rule for exponents: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{a^m}{a^n} = a^{m-n}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Substitute the values: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"m = -8"}},{"type":"text","text":", "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"n = 3"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Set up the expression for the exponent: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{(-8) - 3}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: a-11"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{-8} \\div a^3 = a^{-8-3} = a^{-11}"}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"When dividing exponents with the same base, subtract the exponents."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q2. What is the result of "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{a^{-8} \\cdot a^3}{a^{-8}}"}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Exponent Rules (Multiplication and Division)"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to combine exponent rules for multiplication and division."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Multiplying exponents: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^m \\cdot a^n = a^{m+n}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dividing exponents: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{a^m}{a^n} = a^{m-n}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"First, multiply the exponents in the numerator: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{-8} \\cdot a^3 = a^{-8+3}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Simplify the numerator: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{-5}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Now, divide by "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{-8}"}},{"type":"text","text":": "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{a^{-5}}{a^{-8}}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Apply the division rule: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{-5 - (-8)}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^3"}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{-5 - (-8)} = a^{-5 + 8} = a^{3}"}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Remember, subtracting a negative exponent is the same as adding."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q3. Which of the following expressions simplifies to "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^5 = x a^{-n}"}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Rearranging Exponential Equations"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to manipulate equations involving exponents to isolate a variable."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Exponent rules: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^m \\cdot a^n = a^{m+n}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Isolating variables in equations"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Start with the equation: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^5 = x a^{-n}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"To solve for "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"x"}},{"type":"text","text":", divide both sides by "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{-n}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall that dividing by "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{-n}"}},{"type":"text","text":" is the same as multiplying by "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{n}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Set up the equation: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"x = \\frac{a^5}{a^{-n}}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: x = a^{5+n}"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dividing exponents with the same base means subtracting the exponents: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^5 / a^{-n} = a^{5-(-n)} = a^{5+n}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q4. Which expression is equivalent to "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^5 a^n = x"}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Multiplying Exponents"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of how to combine exponents when multiplying terms with the same base."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Multiplying exponents: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^m \\cdot a^n = a^{m+n}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Start with "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^5 a^n"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Apply the multiplication rule for exponents: add the exponents together."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Set up the expression: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"x = a^{5+n}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: x = a^{5+n}"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"When multiplying exponents with the same base, add the exponents."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q5. What happens to the exponent when you divide "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^5"}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":" by "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^n"}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Exponent Division Rule"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question checks your understanding of how exponents behave during division."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Division of exponents: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{a^m}{a^n} = a^{m-n}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the division: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{a^5}{a^n}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Apply the division rule: subtract the exponent in the denominator from the exponent in the numerator."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Set up the expression: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{5-n}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: a^{5-n}"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"When dividing exponents with the same base, subtract the denominator's exponent from the numerator's exponent."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q6. What is the product of "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"7.9 \\times 10^{-8}"}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":" and "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"7.9 \\times 10^{-11}"}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":" in scientific notation?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Scientific Notation Multiplication"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to multiply numbers in scientific notation."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Multiplying scientific notation: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"(a \\times 10^m) \\times (b \\times 10^n) = (a \\times b) \\times 10^{m+n}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Multiply the coefficients: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"7.9 \\times 7.9"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Add the exponents: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"-8 + (-11)"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Combine the results: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"(7.9 \\times 7.9) \\times 10^{(-8) + (-11)}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Express the answer in proper scientific notation (if needed, adjust the coefficient to be between 1 and 10)."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"62.41 \\times 10^{-19}"}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":" or "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"6.241 \\times 10^{-18}"}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Multiplying the coefficients gives "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"62.41"}},{"type":"text","text":", and adding the exponents gives "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"-19"}},{"type":"text","text":". Adjusting to proper scientific notation: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"6.241 \\times 10^{-18}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q7. Which of the following is NOT an oxidation-reduction reaction?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Redox Reactions"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to identify oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, where electrons are transferred between species."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Concepts"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Oxidation: Loss of electrons"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Reduction: Gain of electrons"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Redox reaction: Both oxidation and reduction occur"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Double displacement (precipitation or acid-base) reactions are usually NOT redox"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"For each reaction, assign oxidation numbers to all elements in reactants and products."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Check if any element changes its oxidation number from reactant to product."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"If no change in oxidation number occurs for any element, the reaction is NOT a redox reaction."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Compare all options and identify the one where no oxidation number changes."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: c) "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"CO_2 (g) + 2 LiOH (aq) \\rightarrow Li_2CO_3 (aq) + H_2O (l)"}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"In this reaction, all elements retain their oxidation states; thus, it is not a redox reaction."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q8. If 8g of substance A is in 200g of solution, what is the concentration of substance A in grams per gram of solution?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Concentration Calculations"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to calculate concentration as a mass ratio (g/g)."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Concentration (g/g) = "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{\\text{mass of solute}}{\\text{mass of solution}}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify the mass of solute (8g) and mass of solution (200g)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Set up the formula: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\text{Concentration} = \\frac{8g}{200g}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Simplify the fraction to get the concentration in g/g."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: 0.04 g/g"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{8g}{200g} = 0.04"}},{"type":"text","text":" g/g"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q9. To find the value of X when 10g of substance A is used, which formula would you use?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Proportion Method in Concentration Calculations"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to set up a proportion to solve for an unknown mass of solution given a new mass of solute."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Proportion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{\\text{mass of solute}_1}{\\text{mass of solution}_1} = \\frac{\\text{mass of solute}_2}{X}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Set up the proportion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{8g}{200g} = \\frac{10g}{X}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cross-multiply to solve for "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"X"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the equation: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"8 \\times X = 10 \\times 200"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Isolate "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"X"}},{"type":"text","text":" by dividing both sides by 8."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: X = 250 g"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cross-multiplying and solving gives "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"X = \\frac{10 \\times 200}{8} = 250"}},{"type":"text","text":" g."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q10. Alex and November went on a holiday that cost $960 to Germany. Alex's mother paid 1/4 of the total cost and Alex and November shared the remaining cost in the ratio of 1:8. Calculate how much each person paid towards the cost of the holiday."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Ratio and Proportion in Cost Sharing"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to divide a total cost based on ratios and fractions."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fraction paid by Alex's mother: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{1}{4} \\times 960"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Remaining cost: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"960 - \\text{(amount paid by mother)}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ratio division: If the ratio is 1:8, Alex gets 1 part, November gets 8 parts out of 9 total parts."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Calculate how much Alex's mother paid: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{1}{4} \\times 960"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Subtract this from the total to find the remaining amount to be shared: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"960 - \\text{(amount paid by mother)}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Divide the remaining amount into 9 parts (1 for Alex, 8 for November)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Calculate how much Alex paid: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{1}{9} \\times \\text{remaining amount}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Calculate how much November paid: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{8}{9} \\times \\text{remaining amount}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Alex's mother paid $240, Alex paid $80, and November paid $640."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mother: $960 \\times \\frac{1}{4} = $240 Remaining: $960 - 240 = $720 Alex: $720 \\times \\frac{1}{9} = $80 November: $720 \\times \\frac{8}{9} = $640"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q11. What is the concentration of the initial stock solution of NaOH prepared by dissolving 25.00 g in 150.0 mL of water?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Solution Concentration (Molarity)"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to calculate molarity from mass and volume."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Molarity (M): "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"M = \\frac{\\text{moles of solute}}{\\text{volume of solution in liters}}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Moles: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\text{moles} = \\frac{\\text{mass (g)}}{\\text{molar mass (g/mol)}}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Molar mass of NaOH: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"22.99 + 15.999 + 1.008 = 39.997"}},{"type":"text","text":" g/mol"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Calculate moles of NaOH: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{25.00}{39.997}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Convert 150.0 mL to liters: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"150.0 \\div 1000 = 0.150"}},{"type":"text","text":" L."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Calculate molarity: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"M = \\frac{\\text{moles}}{0.150}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: 4.17 M"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Moles of NaOH: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{25.00}{39.997} = 0.625"}},{"type":"text","text":" mol Molarity: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{0.625}{0.150} = 4.17"}},{"type":"text","text":" M"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q12. After diluting 50.0 mL of the stock solution to a total volume of 400.0 mL, what is the concentration of NaOH in this diluted solution?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Dilution Calculations"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to use the dilution equation to find the new concentration after dilution."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dilution equation: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_1V_1 = C_2V_2"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_1"}},{"type":"text","text":" = initial concentration, "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_1"}},{"type":"text","text":" = initial volume"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_2"}},{"type":"text","text":" = final concentration, "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_2"}},{"type":"text","text":" = final volume"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_1"}},{"type":"text","text":" (from previous answer), "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_1 = 50.0"}},{"type":"text","text":" mL, "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_2 = 400.0"}},{"type":"text","text":" mL."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Set up the dilution equation: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_1V_1 = C_2V_2"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Solve for "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_2"}},{"type":"text","text":": "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_2 = \\frac{C_1V_1}{V_2}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Plug in the values (make sure volumes are in the same units)."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: 0.521 M"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_2 = \\frac{4.17 \\times 50.0}{400.0} = 0.521"}},{"type":"text","text":" M"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q13. If 75.0 mL of the diluted solution is taken and diluted to a final volume of 500 mL, what is the concentration of NaOH in the final solution?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Serial Dilution"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to perform a second dilution using the result from the previous step."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dilution equation: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_1V_1 = C_2V_2"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Use "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_1"}},{"type":"text","text":" from the previous answer (concentration after first dilution)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_1 = 75.0"}},{"type":"text","text":" mL, "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_2 = 500"}},{"type":"text","text":" mL."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Set up the equation: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_2 = \\frac{C_1V_1}{V_2}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Plug in the values and solve for "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_2"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: 0.0782 M"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_2 = \\frac{0.521 \\times 75.0}{500} = 0.0782"}},{"type":"text","text":" M"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q14. What is the total mass of NaOH in grams present in the final 500 mL solution?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Mass from Molarity and Volume"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to calculate the mass of solute from molarity and volume."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Moles = Molarity × Volume (in L)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mass = Moles × Molar mass"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Molar mass of NaOH = 39.997 g/mol"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Convert 500 mL to liters: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"500 \\div 1000 = 0.500"}},{"type":"text","text":" L."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Calculate moles: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"0.0782 \\times 0.500"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Calculate mass: (moles) × (39.997 g/mol)."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: 1.96 g"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Moles: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"0.0782 \\times 0.500 = 0.0391"}},{"type":"text","text":" mol Mass: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"0.0391 \\times 39.997 = 1.96"}},{"type":"text","text":" g"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q15. Which of the following statements is true regarding the process of diluting the stock solution of NaOH?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Properties of Dilution"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your conceptual understanding of what changes and what remains constant during dilution."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Concepts"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"During dilution, the amount (moles) of solute stays the same, but the concentration decreases as volume increases."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall that dilution involves adding solvent, increasing total volume."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The number of moles of solute does not change; only the concentration changes."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Review each statement and determine which matches the properties of dilution."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: C and D"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The total volume increases and the mass of NaOH remains constant during dilution."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q16. What is the volume (in mL) of 7 M HBr needed to prepare 3.5 L of 2.7 M HBr?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Dilution Calculations"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to use the dilution equation to find the required volume of a concentrated solution."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dilution equation: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_1V_1 = C_2V_2"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Convert final volume to mL if needed"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_1 = 7"}},{"type":"text","text":" M, "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_2 = 2.7"}},{"type":"text","text":" M, "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_2 = 3.5"}},{"type":"text","text":" L (convert to mL if needed)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Set up the equation: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"7 \\times V_1 = 2.7 \\times 3500"}},{"type":"text","text":" (if using mL)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Solve for "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_1"}},{"type":"text","text":" by dividing both sides by 7."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: 1,350 mL"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_1 = \\frac{2.7 \\times 3500}{7} = 1,350"}},{"type":"text","text":" mL"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q17. Which ions are involved in forming iron(II) carbonate?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Ionic Compounds and Formula Writing"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of the ions that make up iron(II) carbonate."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Iron(II) ion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Fe^{2+}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Carbonate ion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"CO_3^{2-}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the charge on iron(II): "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Fe^{2+}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the charge on carbonate: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"CO_3^{2-}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Combine the ions in a 1:1 ratio to balance charges."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Fe^{2+}"}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":" and "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"CO_3^{2-}"}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Iron(II) carbonate is formed from "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Fe^{2+}"}},{"type":"text","text":" and "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"CO_3^{2-}"}},{"type":"text","text":" ions."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q18. When aluminum (Al) combines with sulfur (S), what is the correct formula of the resulting compound?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Ionic Compound Formula Writing"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to write the formula for an ionic compound formed from given elements."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Aluminum ion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al^{3+}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Sulfide ion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"S^{2-}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the charges: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al^{3+}"}},{"type":"text","text":" and "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"S^{2-}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Balance the charges to get a neutral compound (find the lowest common multiple)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the formula using subscripts to indicate the number of each ion needed."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al_2S_3"}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Two "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al^{3+}"}},{"type":"text","text":" ions and three "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"S^{2-}"}},{"type":"text","text":" ions combine to form "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al_2S_3"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q19. What is the name of the compound formed when aluminum reacts with oxygen?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Naming Ionic Compounds"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to name a compound formed from a metal and a nonmetal."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Aluminum ion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al^{3+}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Oxide ion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"O^{2-}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Compound formula: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al_2O_3"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the formula: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al_2O_3"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Name the compound: [metal name] + [nonmetal root + 'ide']."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: Aluminum oxide"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The compound "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al_2O_3"}},{"type":"text","text":" is named aluminum oxide."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q20. In a molecular compound is formed by ___"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Types of Chemical Bonds"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of how molecular (covalent) compounds are formed."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Molecular (covalent) compounds: formed by sharing electrons between nonmetals."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall that molecular compounds are typically formed between nonmetal elements."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Think about the difference between ionic (metal + nonmetal) and covalent (nonmetal + nonmetal) compounds."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: Nonmetals"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Molecular compounds are formed by the sharing of electrons between nonmetals."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q21. Which of the following is the correct name for the compound formed between the polycation ammonium and the nonmetal iodine?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Naming Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to name a compound formed from a polyatomic cation and a nonmetal anion."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ammonium ion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"NH_4^+"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Iodide ion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"I^-"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Combine the ions: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"NH_4^+"}},{"type":"text","text":" and "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"I^-"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Name the compound: [cation name] + [anion name]."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: Ammonium iodide"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The compound is named ammonium iodide ("},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"NH_4I"}},{"type":"text","text":")."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q22. When aluminum (Al) combines with oxygen (O), what is the correct formula of the resulting compound?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Ionic Compound Formula Writing"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to write the formula for an ionic compound formed from aluminum and oxygen."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Aluminum ion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al^{3+}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Oxide ion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"O^{2-}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the charges: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al^{3+}"}},{"type":"text","text":" and "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"O^{2-}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Balance the charges to get a neutral compound."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the formula using subscripts as needed."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al_2O_3"}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Two "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al^{3+}"}},{"type":"text","text":" ions and three "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"O^{2-}"}},{"type":"text","text":" ions combine to form "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al_2O_3"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q23. Which statements about the Hydrogen isotope with a mass number of 2 are accurate?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Isotopes and Atomic Structure"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of isotopes, specifically deuterium (hydrogen-2)."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Isotope: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hydrogen-2 (deuterium): 1 proton, 1 neutron"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mass number = protons + neutrons"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall that hydrogen-2 has 1 proton and 1 neutron."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Check each statement for accuracy based on the definition of isotopes and their properties."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Remember that deuterium is stable and used in nuclear fusion."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: b, d, e"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hydrogen-2 (deuter