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This notation is essential in chemistry for handling measurements and calculations efficiently.\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Format:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" A number is written so that the decimal point comes after the first digit, followed by a power of 10.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Positive exponent:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Indicates a value greater than one.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Negative exponent:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Indicates a value less than one.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Example:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"6.235 \\times 10^5\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" represents 623,500.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Units of Measurement\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Chemistry relies on the International System of Units (SI), which standardizes measurements for scientific communication. 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watt\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableRow\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Atto\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"a\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"10^{-18}\"}}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"1 attowatt (aW) = \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"1 \\times 10^{-18}\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" watt\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableRow\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Zepto\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"z\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"10^{-21}\"}}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"1 zeptowatt (zW) = \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"1 \\times 10^{-21}\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" watt\"}]}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_2.png\",\"alt\":\"Metric Prefixes table\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Derived Units\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Derived units are obtained by combining base units through multiplication or division. For example, speed is a derived unit calculated as distance divided by time.\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Formula:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\text{Speed} = \\frac{\\text{distance}}{\\text{time}}\"}}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"SI unit for speed:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\frac{\\text{meters}}{\\text{second}} = \\frac{m}{s}\"}}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Units of Volume\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Volume is a commonly used derived unit in chemistry, representing the amount of three-dimensional space a substance occupies. The SI unit for volume is the liter (L).\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Volume of a cube:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\text{Volume} = \\text{length} \\times \\text{width} \\times \\text{height}\"}}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"1 liter:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Equivalent to 1 cubic decimeter (\"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"1 \\text{dm}^3\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\")\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"1 milliliter:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"1 \\text{mL} = 1 \\text{cm}^3\"}}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_4.png\",\"alt\":\"Volume cube diagram\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}}]},{\"type\":\"table\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"tableRow\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"tableHeader\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Unit\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableHeader\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Equivalent\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableRow\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"1 liter (L)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"1000 mL = 1000 cm3\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableRow\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"1 liter (L)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"1.057 quarts (qt)\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableRow\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"1 U.S. gallon (gal)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"3.785 liters (L)\"}]}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_3.png\",\"alt\":\"Common Units for Volume table\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Laboratory Equipment for Measuring Volume\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Various laboratory tools are used to measure volume, each suited for different levels of precision and types of measurement.\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Graduated cylinder:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Used to deliver variable volumes.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Syringe:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Used to deliver variable volumes.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Burette:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Used to deliver variable volumes with controlled flow.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Pipette:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Used to deliver a specific volume.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Volumetric flask:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Used to hold a specific volume.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_5.png\",\"alt\":\"Lab equipment for measuring volume\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Density\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Density is a physical property defined as the mass of a substance per unit volume. It is useful for identifying substances and solving various chemistry problems.\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Formula:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\text{Density} = \\frac{\\text{mass}}{\\text{volume}}\"}}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Common units:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\frac{g}{mL}\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\", \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\frac{g}{cm^3}\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\", \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\frac{kg}{L}\"}}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"table\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"tableRow\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"tableHeader\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Substance\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableHeader\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Density (g/cm3)\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableRow\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Air\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"0.001\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableRow\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Balsa wood\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"0.16\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableRow\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Ethanol\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"0.79\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableRow\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Water\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"1.00\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableRow\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Ethylene glycol\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"1.09\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableRow\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Table sugar\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"1.59\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableRow\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Table salt\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"2.16\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableRow\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Iron\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"7.9\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableRow\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Gold\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"19.32\"}]}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_6.png\",\"alt\":\"Densities of Selected Substances table\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":2},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Uncertainty in Measurement\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"All measurements in chemistry have some degree of uncertainty. The last digit in a measurement is always estimated, and the concept of significant figures is used to reflect this uncertainty.\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Accuracy:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" How close a measured value is to the true value.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Precision:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" The degree of agreement between repeated measurements.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Significant figures:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" All digits known with certainty plus one estimated digit.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_10.png\",\"alt\":\"Accuracy and precision dartboard\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Reporting Measurements\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Different measuring devices provide different levels of precision. For example, a basic balance may report mass as 10.5 g, while an analytical balance may report 10.4977 g.\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_7.png\",\"alt\":\"Basic balance measurement\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_8.png\",\"alt\":\"Analytical balance measurement\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Reading the Meniscus\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"When measuring liquid volume, always read the bottom of the meniscus at eye level for accuracy.\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_9.png\",\"alt\":\"Meniscus in graduated cylinder\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Practice: Graduated Cylinder Measurements\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_11.png\",\"alt\":\"Graduated cylinder measurement a\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_12.png\",\"alt\":\"Graduated cylinder measurement b\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_13.png\",\"alt\":\"Graduated cylinder measurement c\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_14.png\",\"alt\":\"Graduated cylinder measurement d\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Rules for Counting Significant Figures\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Non-zero digits:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Always significant.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Trapped zeroes:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Zeroes between non-zero digits are always significant.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Leading zeroes:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Never significant.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Trailing zeroes:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Significant only if there is a decimal point.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Exact measurements:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Have an infinite number of significant figures.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":2},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Significant Figures in Calculations\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Multiplication and Division\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"For multiplication and division, the result should have the same number of significant figures as the least precise measurement.\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Example:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\text{Area} = (3.12 \\text{ cm}) \\times (2.1 \\text{ cm}) = 6.6 \\text{ cm}^2\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" (rounded to 2 sig figs)\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Addition and Subtraction\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"For addition and subtraction, the result should have the same number of digits to the right of the decimal point as the least precise measurement.\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Example:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"4.24 \\text{ g} + 8.1 \\text{ g} + 12.137 \\text{ g} = 25.0 \\text{ g}\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" (rounded to tenths place)\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":2},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Dimensional Analysis\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Conversion Factors\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Dimensional analysis is a technique for converting between units using conversion factors. Units are multiplied or divided along with numerical values to ensure proper conversion.\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Example:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"16 \\text{ years} \\times \\frac{365.25 \\text{ days}}{1 \\text{ year}} = 5800 \\text{ days}\"}}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Multiple conversion factors:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Used for complex conversions, such as meters to inches.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":2},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Classifying Matter\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"States of Matter\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Matter exists in three main states: solid, liquid, and gas. Each state has distinct properties regarding shape and volume.\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Solid:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Fixed volume and rigid shape.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Liquid:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Fixed volume, takes shape of container.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Gas:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Takes shape and volume of container, compressible.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_15.png\",\"alt\":\"States of water: vapor, liquid, ice\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Pures Substances and Mixtures\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Matter can be classified as pure substances or mixtures. Pure substances include elements and compounds, while mixtures can be homogeneous or heterogeneous.\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Element:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Cannot be broken down into simpler substances.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Compound:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Composed of two or more elements in fixed proportions.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Mixture:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Composed of two or more components in variable proportions.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Homogeneous mixture:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Uniform composition throughout (solution).\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Heterogeneous mixture:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Composition varies from one region to another.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_17.png\",\"alt\":\"Classification of matter flowchart\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_18.png\",\"alt\":\"Atoms, molecules, compounds, mixtures\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":2},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Properties of Matter\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Physical and Chemical Properties\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Properties of matter are classified as physical or chemical. Physical properties can be observed without changing the substance, while chemical properties describe how a substance reacts.\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Intensive properties:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Independent of the amount of substance (e.g., density, boiling point).\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Extensive properties:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Dependent on the amount of substance (e.g., mass, volume).\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Chemical properties:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Observed when a substance changes into another (e.g., flammability).\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Physical and Chemical Changes\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Physical change:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Does not alter the composition of the substance (e.g., melting, dissolving).\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Chemical change:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Results in the formation of a new substance (e.g., combustion, oxidation).\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_19.png\",\"alt\":\"Copper penny reacting with nitric acid\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Methods for Separating Mixtures\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Filtration:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Separates solids from liquids in heterogeneous mixtures.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_20.png\",\"alt\":\"Filtration setup\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Distillation:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Uses differences in boiling points to separate components of a homogeneous mixture.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_23.png\",\"alt\":\"Distillation setup\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Chromatography:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Separates substances based on their ability to adhere to surfaces.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_22.png\",\"alt\":\"Chromatography column\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":2},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"The Atomic Theory of Matter\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Historical Development\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"The concept of atoms originated with Greek philosophers Leucippus and Democritus, who proposed that matter was composed of small, indestructible particles. John Dalton later formalized atomic theory, providing a foundation for modern chemistry.\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Dalton's Atomic Theory:\"}]},{\"type\":\"orderedList\",\"attrs\":{\"start\":1,\"type\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Elements are made up of atoms.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"All atoms of a given element are identical.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Atoms combine to form compounds in fixed ratios.\"}]}]}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Laws Arising from Dalton’s Model\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Law of Conservation of Mass:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Total mass remains constant during a chemical reaction.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Law of Constant Composition:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" A compound always has the same relative number and kind of atoms.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Law of Definite Proportions:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" All samples of a compound have the same proportions of constituent elements.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Law of Multiple Proportions:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" When two elements form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other are in ratios of small whole numbers.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_24.png\",\"alt\":\"Law of Multiple Proportions: CO2 and CO\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":2},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"The Discovery of Atomic Structure\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Key Experiments and Models\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"J.J. Thomson:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Used cathode ray tubes to discover the electron.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_25.png\",\"alt\":\"Cathode ray tube experiment\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Robert Millikan:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Determined the charge and mass of the electron through the oil drop experiment.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_26.png\",\"alt\":\"Millikan oil drop experiment\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Lord Kelvin:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Proposed the \\\"Plum Pudding\\\" model, with electrons embedded in a sphere of positive charge.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_29.png\",\"alt\":\"Plum pudding model\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Ernest Rutherford:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Gold foil experiment led to the nuclear model of the atom, with a dense, positively charged nucleus and electrons at a distance.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_27.png\",\"alt\":\"Rutherford gold foil experiment\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"image\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/general-chemistry/sub_images/330ea30b_image_28.png\",\"alt\":\"Nuclear model vs plum pudding model\",\"title\":null,\"width\":null,\"height\":null}}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Subatomic Particles\"}]},{\"type\":\"table\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"tableRow\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"tableHeader\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Particle\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableHeader\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Charge\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableHeader\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Mass (amu)\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableRow\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Proton\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Positive (1+)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"tableCell\",\"attrs\":{\"colspan\":1,\"rowspan\":1,\"colwidth\":null,\"align\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\"