Question 1

Which of the following best describes a totipotent cell?

Accepted Answer

A cell that has the potential to develop into any cell type.

Question 2

In the successful cloning of Dolly the sheep, what was the source of the nucleus used to create the cloned embryo?

Accepted Answer

A mammary cell from the donor sheep.

Question 3

Which gene is responsible for establishing the anterior structures in Drosophila embryos by forming a concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

bicoid

Question 4

A mutation in which class of segmentation genes would most likely result in the loss of several adjacent segments in a Drosophila embryo?

Accepted Answer

Gap genes

Question 5

The Antennapedia mutation in Drosophila results in which of the following phenotypes?

Accepted Answer

A fly with legs growing in place of antennae.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about Hox genes is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Hox genes encode transcription factors that help determine the identity of body regions.

Question 7

In Arabidopsis thaliana, which combination of gene classes is responsible for the development of stamens?

Accepted Answer

Class B and Class C genes

Question 8

Which process is characterized by controlled, programmed cell death and is essential for normal development?

Accepted Answer

Apoptosis

Question 9

A scientist observes that a cave-dwelling fish species has lost its eyes due to a change in gene expression during development. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Evolution through change in gene expression

Question 10

Which of the following best explains how antibody diversity is generated in B cells?

Accepted Answer

Somatic recombination of immunoglobulin gene segments

Question 11

A patient receives a kidney transplant but experiences immune rejection. Which genetic factor is most likely responsible for this rejection?

Accepted Answer

Mismatch in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens

Question 12

Which of the following is a key difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

Accepted Answer

Apoptosis is a controlled process involving caspases, while necrosis is uncontrolled and results from injury.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of morphogens in development?

Accepted Answer

They are proteins whose concentration gradients affect the developmental fate of surrounding cells.

Question 14

If a mutation in a pair-rule gene occurs in Drosophila, what is the most likely developmental outcome?

Accepted Answer

Every other segment is missing or altered.

Question 15

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the immune response to organ transplants?

Accepted Answer

The greater the mismatch in MHC antigens, the stronger the immune rejection.

Question 16

Which gene in Drosophila is responsible for regulating the expression of genes for posterior structures and inhibiting the translation of hunchback mRNA?

Accepted Answer

nanos

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why cloned animals, such as Carbon Copy the cat, may not look exactly like the donor animal?

Accepted Answer

Cytoplasmic factors in the egg can influence gene expression and phenotype.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

To encode proteins that provide cellular identity and present antigens to T cells.

Question 19

A mutation in which gene would most likely result in the replacement of one body segment with the identity of another in Drosophila?

Accepted Answer

Homeotic gene

Question 20

Which of the following best describes clonal selection in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

The selection and proliferation of B cells that produce antibodies specific to an encountered antigen.

Developmental Genetics and Immunogenetics: Key Concepts and Mechanisms

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