Question 1

Which experiment provided the most definitive evidence that DNA, and not protein, is the genetic material in bacteriophages?

Accepted Answer

Hershey-Chase experiment using radioactive labeling

Question 2

According to Chargaff's rules, which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between purines and pyrimidines in double-stranded DNA?

Accepted Answer

$$A + G = C + T$$

Question 3

A scientist analyzes a viral nucleic acid and finds an $$A + G/U + C$$ ratio of 1.19. What does this suggest about the viral genome?

Accepted Answer

The virus has a single-stranded RNA genome

Question 4

Which scientist first isolated a substance from cell nuclei that was later identified as DNA?

Accepted Answer

Friedrich Miescher

Question 5

In the classic Griffith experiment, what was the outcome when heat-killed S strain bacteria were mixed with live R strain bacteria and injected into mice?

Accepted Answer

The mice died because the R strain was transformed into virulent S strain

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that the genetic material must exhibit to support life?

Accepted Answer

Ability to catalyze metabolic reactions

Question 7

What type of bond connects the sugar and phosphate groups in the backbone of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Phosphodiester bond

Question 8

Which base pairing is stabilized by three hydrogen bonds in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Guanine-Cytosine

Question 9

Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction data was critical in determining which feature of DNA?

Accepted Answer

The double helix structure

Question 10

Which of the following statements about the Central Dogma is correct?

Accepted Answer

Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein

Question 11

A DNA sample from an unknown organism contains 30% adenine. What is the expected percentage of cytosine in this sample?

Accepted Answer

20%

Question 12

Which of the following is a purine base found in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Adenine

Question 13

What is the main reason why protein was initially favored over DNA as the genetic material?

Accepted Answer

Proteins have greater structural diversity

Question 14

Which chemical component is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Ribose

Question 15

If a DNA molecule has 18% guanine, what percentage of thymine does it contain?

Accepted Answer

32%

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the outcome of the Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty experiment?

Accepted Answer

DNA was identified as the transforming principle

Question 17

Which real-world technique is commonly used to separate DNA fragments by size?

Accepted Answer

Agarose gel electrophoresis

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a component of a DNA nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

Amino acid

Question 19

Which historical event directly led to the acceptance of DNA as the genetic material in the scientific community?

Accepted Answer

Hershey-Chase experiment with bacteriophages

Question 20

Which of the following statements about base composition in DNA is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

The amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine

DNA Structure and Analysis: Foundations of Genetic Material

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