Q: Which equation correctly represents the calculation of genetic distance in centimorgans (cM) based on recombination frequency?

$$1\ \text{cM} = 1\%\ \text{recombination frequency}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between a genomic DNA library and a cDNA library?

Accepted Answer

A genomic DNA library contains DNA fragments representing the entire genome, while a cDNA library contains only cDNA copies of mRNA representing expressed genes.

Question 2

In Sanger sequencing, what is the role of dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs)?

Accepted Answer

They terminate DNA synthesis by lacking a 3'-OH group, preventing the addition of further nucleotides.

Question 3

Which sequencing technology is most suitable for generating long reads (10,000 bp or more) in real-time?

Accepted Answer

Nanopore sequencing

Question 4

A researcher wants to compare gene expression profiles between normal and cancerous tissues. Which omics approach and sequencing technology should they use?

Accepted Answer

Transcriptomics with RNA-seq using Illumina NGS

Question 5

Which of the following is a key advantage of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) over Sanger sequencing?

Accepted Answer

NGS allows massively parallel sequencing, enabling high-throughput analysis of many DNA fragments simultaneously.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the process of genome assembly?

Accepted Answer

Matching overlapping sequence reads to build contiguous sequences (contigs), then assembling contigs into scaffolds and chromosomes.

Question 7

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of genetic distance in centimorgans (cM) based on recombination frequency?

Accepted Answer

$$1\ 	ext{cM} = 1\%\ 	ext{recombination frequency}$$

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a typical application of metagenomics?

Accepted Answer

Mapping the 3D structure of chromatin in eukaryotic cells.

Question 9

A patient is suspected to have a genetic disorder caused by a single nucleotide change. Which type of genetic variation is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the main goal of the ENCODE project?

Accepted Answer

To build a comprehensive catalog of functional elements in the human genome, including genes, regulatory elements, and non-coding RNA.

Question 11

Which sequencing method uses fluorescently labeled nucleotides and detects the incorporation of one nucleotide per cycle?

Accepted Answer

Illumina sequencing

Question 12

Which omics technology would be most appropriate for studying global changes in protein expression between healthy and cancerous cells?

Accepted Answer

Proteomics

Question 13

Which of the following is a key feature of third-generation sequencing technologies such as PacBio and Nanopore?

Accepted Answer

They generate long reads and can sequence single DNA molecules in real time.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why the human reference genome is not a consensus genome from a single individual?

Accepted Answer

It was assembled from pooled haploid genomes of multiple individuals to capture genetic diversity.

Question 15

Which of the following steps is unique to the preparation of a cDNA library compared to a genomic DNA library?

Accepted Answer

Reverse transcription of mRNA to synthesize complementary DNA.

Question 16

A scientist is interested in mapping DNA methylation patterns across the entire genome. Which method should they use?

Accepted Answer

Whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS)

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about functional genomics?

Accepted Answer

It aims to determine the function of genes or sequences using genomic-based approaches.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the main advantage of single-cell RNA sequencing over bulk RNA sequencing?

Accepted Answer

It allows characterization of tissue heterogeneity and identification of rare cell types.

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-world application of genome-wide association studies (GWAS)?

Accepted Answer

Identifying genetic variants associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes in a population.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the relationship between genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics?

Accepted Answer

Genomics studies DNA, transcriptomics studies RNA, and proteomics studies proteins.

Genomic Technologies and Applications: DNA Sequencing, Genomics, and Multi-Omics

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