Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between Sanger sequencing and Illumina sequencing technologies?

Accepted Answer

Sanger sequencing produces longer reads but is low-throughput, while Illumina sequencing produces shorter reads but is high-throughput and massively parallel.

Question 2

In Sanger sequencing, what is the role of dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs)?

Accepted Answer

They terminate DNA synthesis at specific bases due to the absence of a 3'-OH group.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of genetic distance in centimorgans (cM) based on recombination frequency?

Accepted Answer

$$cM = r 	imes 100$$

Question 4

A researcher wants to study gene expression differences between healthy and cancerous tissue. Which technology should they use and why?

Accepted Answer

RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), because it quantifies and compares gene expression levels.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about the Human Genome Project (HGP) is correct?

Accepted Answer

The HGP involved sequencing and mapping the entire human genome using BACs and Sanger sequencing.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes a cDNA library?

Accepted Answer

A collection of cDNA copies of mRNA, representing only the expressed genes in a cell or tissue.

Question 7

Which sequencing technology is most suitable for sequencing long DNA fragments in real time?

Accepted Answer

Nanopore sequencing

Question 8

A scientist is interested in identifying all proteins expressed in a cancer cell line. Which 'omics' approach should they use?

Accepted Answer

Proteomics

Question 9

Which of the following is a key advantage of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) over Sanger sequencing?

Accepted Answer

NGS allows for massively parallel sequencing, enabling high-throughput analysis.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the process of genome assembly?

Accepted Answer

Aligning short DNA sequence reads based on overlaps to reconstruct the original genome sequence.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a typical application of metagenomics?

Accepted Answer

Comparing gene expression profiles between healthy and diseased tissues.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about functional genomics is correct?

Accepted Answer

Functional genomics aims to determine the function of genes and regulatory elements using genome-wide approaches.

Question 13

Which method is considered the gold standard for mapping DNA methylation across the entire genome?

Accepted Answer

Whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS)

Question 14

A patient is suspected to have a genetic disease caused by a single nucleotide change. Which type of genetic variation is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between genetic and physical maps?

Accepted Answer

Genetic maps are based on recombination frequencies (centimorgans), while physical maps are based on actual base-pair distances.

Question 16

Which of the following is a key feature of third-generation sequencing technologies such as PacBio and Nanopore?

Accepted Answer

They can sequence single DNA molecules in real time and generate long reads.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the purpose of adapters in NGS library preparation?

Accepted Answer

Adapters are added to DNA fragments to enable their amplification and sequencing on the NGS platform.

Question 18

Which of the following is a primary goal of the ENCODE project?

Accepted Answer

To build a comprehensive catalog of functional elements in the human genome, including genes and regulatory elements.

Question 19

Which omics technology would be most appropriate for studying the effects of environmental stress on small molecule metabolites in plant cells?

Accepted Answer

Metabolomics

Question 20

A researcher is interested in identifying rare cell types within a tumor. Which transcriptomics approach should they use?

Accepted Answer

Single-cell RNA-seq

Genomic Technologies and Applications: DNA Sequencing, Genomics, and Multi-Omics

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