Q: What is the central dogma of molecular genetics?

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the theory of epigenesis as proposed by William Harvey?

Accepted Answer

Body organs and structures develop gradually from the embryo and are not initially present.

Question 2

Which scientist disproved the theory of spontaneous generation, and what was the significance of this discovery for genetics?

Accepted Answer

Louis Pasteur; it confirmed that life arises from pre-existing life, supporting the study of heredity.

Question 3

According to the chromosomal theory of inheritance, how are genes transmitted from one generation to the next?

Accepted Answer

Genes are transmitted through chromosomes in gametes, ensuring genetic continuity.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about alleles is correct?

Accepted Answer

Alleles are different forms of a gene that arise through mutations.

Question 5

A human cell with 46 chromosomes undergoes meiosis. How many chromosomes will each resulting gamete contain?

Accepted Answer

$$23$$

Question 6

Which of the following best explains the molecular basis of sickle-cell anemia?

Accepted Answer

A single-nucleotide change in DNA leads to an altered mRNA codon and a different amino acid in hemoglobin.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of model organisms used in genetic studies?

Accepted Answer

They have a long life cycle.

Question 8

What is the central dogma of molecular genetics?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 9

Which of the following statements about restriction enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

They cut DNA at specific sequences, enabling recombinant DNA technology.

Question 10

Which field focuses on the study of all proteins present in a cell under specific conditions?

Accepted Answer

Proteomics

Question 11

A scientist wants to determine the function of a gene by rendering it nonfunctional and observing the resulting phenotype. Which approach is being used?

Accepted Answer

Reverse genetics using gene knockout

Question 12

Which of the following is a direct application of biotechnology in agriculture?

Accepted Answer

Genetic modification of crops for increased resistance to pests

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype is the set of alleles for a trait, and phenotype is the observable expression of those alleles.

Question 14

Which of the following discoveries marked the beginning of the era of molecular genetics?

Accepted Answer

The discovery of the double helix structure of DNA

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct statement about the structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is a double-stranded helix with complementary base pairing between A–T and G–C.

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-world example of how biotechnology is used in medicine?

Accepted Answer

Prenatal genetic testing for heritable disorders

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the field of bioinformatics?

Accepted Answer

The use of hardware and software to process nucleotide and protein data

Question 18

Which of the following is a key criterion for an organism to be considered a model organism in genetics?

Accepted Answer

It should have a short life cycle and produce many offspring.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the genetic code is correct?

Accepted Answer

Each codon in mRNA specifies a particular amino acid.

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of a forward genetics approach?

Accepted Answer

Identifying the gene responsible for a mutant phenotype by starting with the phenotype.

Introduction to Genetics: Foundations and Modern Perspectives

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