$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which experiment provided definitive evidence that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material in cells?

Accepted Answer

Hershey and Chase's bacteriophage experiment

Question 2

What is the central dogma of molecular genetics?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 3

A single nucleotide change in the DNA sequence of the beta-globin gene can lead to which disease?

Accepted Answer

Sickle-cell anemia

Question 4

Which of the following statements about CRISPR-Cas systems is correct?

Accepted Answer

CRISPR-Cas is a molecular complex in bacteria that can be used for gene editing in various organisms.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of model organisms used in genetic studies?

Accepted Answer

Require complex and expensive care

Question 6

What is the diploid number ($$2n) of $$chromosomes in a typical human cell?

Accepted Answer

$$2n = 46$$

Question 7

Which chemical component of chromosomes was shown to carry genetic information by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty?

Accepted Answer

DNA

Question 8

In the context of genetics, what is an allele?

Accepted Answer

An alternative form of a gene

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Double-stranded helix with antiparallel strands

Question 10

What is the function of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

They cut DNA at specific sites, enabling cloning and genetic engineering.

Question 11

Which of the following is a real-world application of biotechnology in agriculture?

Accepted Answer

Increasing resistance to herbicides and insects in crops

Question 12

Which field focuses on the study of the structure, function, and evolution of genes and genomes?

Accepted Answer

Genomics

Question 13

A mutation in the gene coding for hemoglobin results in a change in the mRNA codon. Which process is directly affected by this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Question 14

Which of the following statements about the genetic code is correct?

Accepted Answer

Each codon in mRNA encodes a specific amino acid.

Question 15

Which historical theory incorrectly proposed that traits acquired during an organism's lifetime could be inherited by offspring?

Accepted Answer

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 16

What is the main difference between classical (forward) genetics and reverse genetics?

Accepted Answer

Classical genetics identifies genes causing mutant phenotypes, while reverse genetics investigates gene function from known DNA sequence.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in cells?

Accepted Answer

Encoding genetic information

Question 18

Which process results in gametes with half the number of chromosomes compared to diploid cells?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the Human Genome Project is correct?

Accepted Answer

It led to the creation of new disciplines such as genomics and bioinformatics.

Question 20

Which of the following is a plausible ethical issue related to modern genetics?

Accepted Answer

Ownership of genes and access to gene therapy

Introduction to Genetics: Foundations, History, and Modern Applications

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