Q: According to the central dogma of molecular biology, what is the correct sequence of information flow in a cell?

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of chromosome number in the resulting cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces two diploid cells, while meiosis produces four haploid cells.

Question 2

A mutation in the DNA sequence of the beta-globin gene changes the codon GAG to GTG. What is the consequence of this mutation at the protein level, and which disease does it cause?

Accepted Answer

It results in the substitution of glutamic acid with valine, causing sickle-cell anemia.

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why restriction enzymes are essential tools in recombinant DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

They cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing insertion of foreign genes into vectors.

Question 4

Which of the following is a key difference between DNA and RNA molecules?

Accepted Answer

DNA is usually double-stranded, while RNA is usually single-stranded.

Question 5

A scientist is using a model organism to study a human neurological disorder. Which of the following organisms is most likely being used, and why?

Accepted Answer

Drosophila melanogaster, because it has well-characterized genes affecting the nervous system.

Question 6

According to the central dogma of molecular biology, what is the correct sequence of information flow in a cell?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 7

Which of the following best describes an allele?

Accepted Answer

A different form of a gene that arises by mutation and is found at the same locus.

Question 8

A karyotype is most useful for which of the following purposes?

Accepted Answer

Visualizing and analyzing the number and structure of chromosomes to detect genetic abnormalities.

Question 9

Which of the following is a real-world application of biotechnology in agriculture?

Accepted Answer

Producing genetically modified crops with increased resistance to pests.

Question 10

If a diploid cell (2n = 46) undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes will each resulting gamete contain?

Accepted Answer

$$23$$

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of a plasmid vector in recombinant DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a carrier to transfer the gene of interest into a host cell.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

They carry the same genes at the same loci, but may have different alleles.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of reverse genetics?

Accepted Answer

Knocking out a known gene sequence to study its function.

Question 14

Which of the following is a major ethical concern related to advances in genetics?

Accepted Answer

The ownership and control of genetic information.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

The genotype determines the phenotype, which is the observable expression of the genotype.

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of bioinformatics in modern genetics?

Accepted Answer

It processes and analyzes large sets of nucleotide and protein data using computational tools.

Question 17

A scientist wants to render a gene nonfunctional in a mouse to study its role in metabolism. Which technique should they use?

Accepted Answer

Gene knockout

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of codons in the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

Each codon is a triplet of nucleotides in mRNA that specifies an amino acid.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a model organism used in genetic studies?

Accepted Answer

It must have a large genome with many chromosomes.

Introduction to Genetics: Foundations, Mechanisms, and Applications

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