$$f(M) = \frac{(2 \times 406) + 744}{2964} = 0.525$$

$$2pq = 2 \times 0.6 \times 0.4 = 0.48$$

$$F = \frac{1}{2} \times \frac{1}{2} = \frac{1}{4}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes a gene pool?

Accepted Answer

The collection of genes and alleles found in the members of a population.

Question 2

According to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the equation for allele frequencies in a population with two alleles?

Accepted Answer

$$p + q = 1$$

Question 3

Which assumption is NOT required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Allele frequencies change due to migration.

Question 4

If the frequency of genotype BB is 0.64, Bb is 0.32, and bb is 0.04, what is the frequency of allele B?

Accepted Answer

$$0.64 + (0.32/2) = 0.8$$

Question 5

A population of 1482 individuals has 406 MM, 744 MN, and 332 NN genotypes. What is the frequency of the M allele?

Accepted Answer

$$f(M) = \frac{(2 	imes 406) + 744}{2964} = 0.525$$

Question 6

In a population, the frequency of a recessive disease is 1 in 2000. What is the frequency of the recessive allele?

Accepted Answer

$$q = \sqrt{0.0005} = 0.02236$$

Question 7

Which evolutionary process is described as random fluctuations in allele frequencies, especially in small populations?

Accepted Answer

Genetic drift

Question 8

What is the effect of migration (gene flow) on allele frequencies in a population?

Accepted Answer

It introduces new alleles and changes allele frequencies.

Question 9

Which formula is used to calculate genotype frequencies under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for two alleles?

Accepted Answer

$$p^2 + 2pq$$ + $$q^2 = 1$

Question 10

In a sample of 500 people, 360 can taste PTC (dominant trait) and 140 cannot (recessive trait). What is the frequency of the recessive allele?

Accepted Answer

$$q = \sqrt{\frac{140}{500}}$$

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a prediction of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary and nonrandom mating effects are unpredictable.

Question 12

What is the selection coefficient ($$s) if $$the relative fitness ($$w) of a $$genotype is 0.8?

Accepted Answer

$$s = 1 - 0.8 = 0.2$$

Question 13

Which process leads to speciation by physical separation of populations?

Accepted Answer

Allopatric speciation

Question 14

If a population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which factor could be responsible?

Accepted Answer

Mutation

Question 15

In the context of three alleles (p, q, r), what is the equation for allele frequencies?

Accepted Answer

$$p + q + r = 1$$

Question 16

Which method is most appropriate for estimating allele frequency in a population with a recessive genetic disorder?

Accepted Answer

Square root method

Question 17

What is the expected frequency of heterozygotes in a population where $$p = 0.6$$ and $$q = 0.4$$?

Accepted Answer

$$2pq = 2 	imes 0.6 	imes 0.4 = 0.48$$

Question 18

Which evolutionary process can introduce new alleles into a population, potentially increasing genetic diversity?

Accepted Answer

Mutation

Question 19

What is the probability that an inbred descendant will be homozygous for either of the A alleles carried by a heterozygous ancestor?

Accepted Answer

$$F = \frac{1}{2} 	imes \frac{1}{2} = \frac{1}{4}$$

Question 20

Which of the following is a special case of genetic drift?

Accepted Answer

Founder effect

Population Genetics and Evolutionary Processes: Study Notes

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