Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a condition required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in a population?

Accepted Answer

Small population size

Question 2

A population of 1,000 individuals has two alleles, A and a. If the frequency of allele A is $$p = 0.7$$ and allele a is $$q = 0.3$$, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

$$0.42$$

Question 3

Which real-world scenario best illustrates the founder effect?

Accepted Answer

High frequency of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome among Old Order Amish in the US

Question 4

Assortative mating can be either positive or negative. Which of the following is an example of negative assortative mating?

Accepted Answer

Tall people marrying short people

Question 5

Consanguinity increases the risk of which genetic outcome in offspring?

Accepted Answer

Increased frequency of homozygotes and autosomal recessive diseases

Question 6

Which of the following factors does NOT disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Random mating

Question 7

A population undergoes a bottleneck event. What is the most likely genetic consequence?

Accepted Answer

Loss of genetic diversity and random changes in allele frequencies

Question 8

In a population, the frequency of the sickle cell allele is maintained at a higher level than expected due to increased fitness of heterozygotes. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Balanced polymorphism

Question 9

Which equation represents the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a gene with two alleles, A and a?

Accepted Answer

$$p^2 + 2pq$$ + $$q^2 = 1$

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of stratification in a human population?

Accepted Answer

US population stratified by religion

Question 11

A new mutation arises in a population and increases the fitness of individuals carrying it. Over time, what is the most likely outcome for the frequency of this mutation?

Accepted Answer

It will increase due to natural selection

Question 12

Which of the following best describes gene flow?

Accepted Answer

Introduction of new alleles into a population by migration

Question 13

In a population, the frequency of allele A is $$p = 0.6$$ and allele a is $$q = 0.4. $$What is the expected frequency of genotype AA under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

$$0.36$$

Question 14

Which of the following is a consequence of positive assortative mating?

Accepted Answer

Increase in homozygosity for traits involved in mate choice

Question 15

Which scenario is most likely to result in a balanced polymorphism?

Accepted Answer

Selection against both homozygotes, with heterozygotes having highest fitness

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of selection against autosomal dominant mutations?

Accepted Answer

Osteogenesis imperfecta type 2 (lethal shortly after birth)

Question 17

A population of 500 individuals has the following genotype frequencies: $$AA = 0.36$$, $$Aa = 0.48$$, $$aa = 0.16. Is $$this population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Yes, because the genotype frequencies match $$p^2$$, $$2pq$$, and $$q^2$$

Question 18

Which of the following is a likely effect of genetic drift in a small population?

Accepted Answer

Allele frequencies change unpredictably, possibly leading to fixation or loss

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT an example of consanguinity?

Accepted Answer

Marriage between unrelated individuals

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why the sickle cell allele remains prevalent in certain African populations?

Accepted Answer

Balanced polymorphism due to heterozygote advantage against malaria

Population Genetics: Principles, Factors, and Applications

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