Question 1

Which of the following best describes a gene?

Accepted Answer

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or functional RNA.

Question 2

How are genotype and phenotype related?

Accepted Answer

Genotype is the genetic makeup that determines the phenotype, which is the observable traits.

Question 3

Which process is responsible for separating DNA fragments by size using an electrical field?

Accepted Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Question 4

What is the main difference between Southern, Northern, and Western blotting techniques?

Accepted Answer

Southern blots detect DNA, Northern blots detect RNA, Western blots detect proteins.

Question 5

Which organelle contains its own circular chromosome and is inherited through the cytoplasm?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 6

Which equation represents the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$DNA \rightarrow RNA \rightarrow Protein$$

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a phase of modern genetics?

Accepted Answer

Discovery of the structure of ribosomes

Question 8

What is the significance of the Human Genome Project's finding that only 1.5% of the genome contains exons?

Accepted Answer

The majority of the genome consists of non-coding DNA, which may have regulatory or unknown functions.

Question 9

Which experimental technique did Linus Pauling first use in 1949 to study sickle cell anemia?

Accepted Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Question 10

Which molecule is used to visualize nucleic acids in electrophoresis gels by causing them to fluoresce under UV light?

Accepted Answer

Ethidium bromide (EtBr)

Question 11

Which domain of life is characterized by a true nucleus and multiple chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Eukarya

Question 12

What is the primary method used by Woese and colleagues in the 1970s to establish phylogenetic relationships among organisms?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence comparison

Question 13

Which of the following processes does NOT lead to changes in allele frequencies in a population over time?

Accepted Answer

Cellular respiration

Question 14

According to Darwin's principles, what is the main driver of evolutionary change in populations?

Accepted Answer

Inheritance and differential survival of advantageous traits

Question 15

Which approach is most commonly used to construct phylogenetic trees based on evolutionary relationships?

Accepted Answer

Cladistic approach

Question 16

Which of the following best describes a clade?

Accepted Answer

A group of organisms sharing derived characteristics based on homology.

Question 17

Which of the following is a real-world application of proteomics?

Accepted Answer

Identifying the complete set of proteins involved in cancer cell signaling pathways.

Question 18

If a population of beetles experiences a volcanic eruption that randomly kills many individuals, which evolutionary process is most likely occurring?

Accepted Answer

Genetic drift

Question 19

Which equation would you use to calculate the frequency of alleles in a population under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

$$p^2 + 2pq$$ + $$q^2 = 1$

Question 20

Which statement best explains why closely related species have more similarity in their rRNA sequences?

Accepted Answer

rRNA sequences are highly conserved, so similarities reflect common ancestry.

The Molecular Basis of Heredity, Variation, and Evolution: Study Notes

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