$$\text{GFR} \u003c 15\ \text{mL/min}$$

Question 1

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) compared to Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

Accepted Answer

AKI has a sudden onset and is often reversible if treated early.

Question 2

A patient presents with low blood volume due to severe dehydration and develops acute renal failure. Which type of cause is this classified as?

Accepted Answer

Prerenal cause

Question 3

Which laboratory finding is most indicative of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{GFR} \u003c 15\ 	ext{mL/min}$$

Question 4

Which of the following is a common electrolyte disturbance in chronic kidney disease that can lead to dangerous cardiac arrhythmias?

Accepted Answer

Hyperkalemia

Question 5

A patient with CKD develops weak bones and bone pain. Which pathophysiological mechanism best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

Low active vitamin D and elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a recommended management strategy during the renal insufficiency stage of CKD?

Accepted Answer

Increase protein intake to promote healing

Question 7

A patient with CKD is prescribed a new medication. What pharmacokinetic change should be considered?

Accepted Answer

Reduced drug excretion leading to increased risk of toxicity

Question 8

Which of the following is a postrenal cause of acute renal failure?

Accepted Answer

Bilateral ureteral obstruction

Question 9

Why is anemia a common complication in chronic kidney disease?

Accepted Answer

Kidneys produce less erythropoietin, leading to decreased red blood cell production.

Question 10

A patient with CKD is experiencing confusion and poor concentration. Which underlying mechanism is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of urea and creatinine in the blood

Question 11

Which dietary modification is most important for a patient with CKD to prevent dangerous heart rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Restrict potassium intake

Question 12

Which of the following is a risk factor for developing chronic kidney disease?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes mellitus

Question 13

A patient with CKD is found to have elevated phosphorus and low calcium levels. What hormone is likely to be elevated as a compensatory response?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 14

Which treatment option is considered the best long-term solution for children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)?

Accepted Answer

Kidney transplantation

Question 15

A patient with CKD is prescribed antacids. What complication should be monitored due to altered drug absorption?

Accepted Answer

Drug toxicity due to absorption problems

Question 16

Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of CKD affecting the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

Pericarditis due to waste buildup

Question 17

A patient with CKD is experiencing itching and dry skin. What is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of metabolic wastes in the skin

Question 18

Which of the following is a major risk for elderly patients undergoing hemodialysis?

Accepted Answer

Weaker veins and increased heart stress

Question 19

A patient with CKD is at increased risk for infections. Which mechanism best explains this?

Accepted Answer

Impaired immune system function due to uremia

Question 20

Which of the following is a recommended strategy to slow the progression of CKD during the renal insufficiency stage?

Accepted Answer

Treat urinary tract infections promptly

34 Patho

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