Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

To target specific pathogens after exposure and distinguish 'self' from 'nonself'

Question 2

Which cell type is responsible for producing antibodies in humoral immunity?

Accepted Answer

B cells

Question 3

What is the role of T cell receptors (TCRs) in cellular immunity?

Accepted Answer

They recognize antigens presented by phagocytic cells and trigger T cell activation

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why a secondary immune response is faster and more effective than a primary response?

Accepted Answer

The presence of memory cells generated during the primary response

Question 5

Which immunoglobulin class is most abundant in serum and can cross the placenta to protect the fetus?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 6

A patient is exposed to a polysaccharide antigen that does not require T cell help for B cell activation. Which type of antigen is this?

Accepted Answer

T-independent antigen

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct statement about haptens?

Accepted Answer

Haptens must attach to carrier molecules to become antigenic

Question 8

Which cytokine is primarily involved in the inflammation of autoimmune diseases and is abbreviated as TNF-α?

Accepted Answer

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)

Question 9

What is the estimated extent of antibody diversity in the human body?

Accepted Answer

$$10^{11}$$

Question 10

Which process removes potentially harmful self-reactive B cells during immune development?

Accepted Answer

Clonal selection

Question 11

A laboratory test detects a pentameric antibody with a valence of 10 in a patient's blood. Which immunoglobulin class is this?

Accepted Answer

IgM

Question 12

Which of the following is a result of antigen-antibody interaction that enhances phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Opsonization

Question 13

Which immunoglobulin class is most common in mucous membranes, saliva, tears, and breast milk?

Accepted Answer

IgA

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of M cells in the gastrointestinal tract?

Accepted Answer

They transfer antigens to lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

Question 15

Which immunoglobulin class is primarily involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasitic worms?

Accepted Answer

IgE

Question 16

Which of the following is a characteristic of T-dependent antigens?

Accepted Answer

They require antigen presentation on MHC class II molecules

Question 17

Which process describes the proliferation and differentiation of activated B cells into plasma cells and memory cells?

Accepted Answer

Clonal expansion

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of interferons (IFNs) in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

They interfere with viral infections of host cells

Question 19

Which of the following is true regarding the structure of a typical antibody?

Accepted Answer

It consists of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains joined by disulfide links

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why overproduction of cytokines can be harmful?

Accepted Answer

It leads to a cytokine storm, causing excessive inflammation and tissue damage

(Chapter 17, Part 1) Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host

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