$$\text{Sulfonamide} + \text{Enzyme} \rightarrow \text{Inactive Complex}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best explains why it is more difficult to develop chemotherapeutic drugs against fungal infections than bacterial infections?

Accepted Answer

Fungi are eukaryotic and share more similarities with human cells.

Question 2

Which scientist is credited with the discovery of penicillin, and what was its source?

Accepted Answer

Alexander Fleming; Penicillium

Question 3

A patient develops a secondary infection with a resistant microbe after broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. What is this phenomenon called?

Accepted Answer

Superinfection

Question 4

Which of the following antibiotics acts by inhibiting cell wall synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Penicillin

Question 5

What is the main mechanism by which sulfonamides inhibit bacterial growth?

Accepted Answer

Inhibition of folic acid synthesis by competing with PABA

Question 6

Which test is used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of an antibiotic?

Accepted Answer

E-test

Question 7

A combination of two antibiotics results in a greater effect than either drug alone. What is this interaction called?

Accepted Answer

Synergism

Question 8

Which of the following is a mechanism by which bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics?

Accepted Answer

Blocking entry, inactivation by enzymes, alteration of target molecule, and efflux of antibiotic

Question 9

Which of the following antibiotics is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by inhibiting mycolic acid synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Isoniazid (INH)

Question 10

A patient is prescribed ampicillin, which is effective against both gram-positive and many gram-negative bacteria. How is ampicillin classified?

Accepted Answer

Broad-spectrum antibiotic

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the action of polymyxin B?

Accepted Answer

Injures the plasma membrane of gram-negative bacteria

Question 12

Which of the following is a reason why antibiotics should not be used for viral infections such as the common cold?

Accepted Answer

Viruses use host cell machinery and lack the targets of antibiotics

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct equation for the competitive inhibition of folic acid synthesis by sulfonamides?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Sulfonamide} + 	ext{Enzyme} ightarrow 	ext{Inactive Complex}$$

Question 14

Which of the following is a property of natural penicillins such as penicillin G?

Accepted Answer

Narrow spectrum and susceptible to penicillinase

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of tetracyclines?

Accepted Answer

Interfere with attachment of tRNA to mRNA–ribosome complex

Question 16

A patient is prescribed a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. What is the role of clavulanic acid in this combination?

Accepted Answer

It inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes, protecting amoxicillin

Question 17

Which of the following is a recommended strategy to prevent the development of antibiotic resistance?

Accepted Answer

Completing the full prescribed antibiotic regimen

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the action of rifampin?

Accepted Answer

Inhibits mRNA synthesis

Question 19

Which of the following is a plausible outcome of using antibiotics in animal feed?

Accepted Answer

Selection for antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal drugs?

Accepted Answer

Bacteriostatic drugs inhibit bacterial growth, while bactericidal drugs kill bacteria.

Antimicrobial Drugs: Mechanisms, Spectrum, and Resistance

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