Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between general and specific transcription factors?

Accepted Answer

General transcription factors are required for the transcription of all genes, while specific transcription factors regulate only certain genes by binding to unique DNA sequences.

Question 2

A scientist is studying a gene that is only expressed when a small molecule is present. The gene is part of an operon. Which type of operon is this, and what is the role of the small molecule?

Accepted Answer

It is an inducible operon; the small molecule acts as an inducer that inactivates the repressor.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about DNA methylation is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA methylation typically represses gene expression by making DNA less accessible to transcription factors.

Question 4

A researcher uses a GFP reporter gene under the control of a specific promoter in a plant. What information does this experiment provide?

Accepted Answer

It reveals the spatial and temporal expression pattern of the promoter in the plant.

Question 5

Which of the following cell structures is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and is NOT considered an organelle?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Question 6

A cell is observed to take up glucose from its environment even when the internal concentration is higher than the external concentration. Which type of membrane transport is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between primary and secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport uses ATP directly, while secondary active transport uses the energy from an ion gradient established by primary active transport.

Question 8

During cell signaling, which of the following correctly matches the step with its description?

Accepted Answer

Transduction: The signal is relayed and amplified inside the cell, often through a cascade of proteins.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction without being consumed in the process.

Question 10

A metabolic pathway is shown as follows: $$A \rightarrow B \rightarrow C \rightarrow D. If an $$inhibitor blocks the enzyme that converts B to C, what will happen to the concentrations of A, B, C, and D?

Accepted Answer

A and B will accumulate, while C and D will decrease.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between catabolism and anabolism?

Accepted Answer

Catabolism breaks down molecules to release energy, while anabolism builds complex molecules using energy.

Question 12

During glycolysis, what is the net gain of ATP and NADH per molecule of glucose?

Accepted Answer

2 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 13

Why is fermentation necessary in the absence of oxygen?

Accepted Answer

It regenerates NAD$$^+ so $$glycolysis can continue.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct summary equation for photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

$$6 \ \mathrm{CO}_2 + 6 \ \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} + 	ext{light energy} ightarrow \mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6 \ \mathrm{O}_2$$

Question 15

Why is water necessary for the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Water donates electrons to replace those lost by chlorophyll in photosystem II.

Question 16

In the electron transport chain of cellular respiration, what is the primary role of oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, forming water.

Question 17

Why must the Calvin cycle turn six times to produce one molecule of glucose?

Accepted Answer

Each turn fixes one carbon, and glucose has six carbons.

Question 18

A mutation causes a eukaryotic cell to lack functional microtubules. Which of the following processes would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Chromosome separation during mitosis

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of a co-transporter (symporter) in membrane transport?

Accepted Answer

It moves two different molecules in the same direction across the membrane.

Question 20

A scientist wants to determine if a gene is essential for cell survival. Which experimental approach would provide the most direct evidence?

Accepted Answer

Create a knockout of the gene and observe if the cell survives.

BIO1010 Exam 2 Study Guide: Cell Structure, Gene Regulation, Metabolism, and Photosynthesis

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