Question 1

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have both.

Question 2

A bacterium is found to have a thick peptidoglycan layer and teichoic acids in its cell wall. After Gram staining, what color will it appear and why?

Accepted Answer

Purple, because the thick peptidoglycan layer retains the crystal violet-iodine complex.

Question 3

Which structure is responsible for bacterial motility and is composed of a filament, hook, and basal body?

Accepted Answer

Flagella

Question 4

A scientist observes a cell with a single, circular DNA molecule, 70S ribosomes, and a cell wall lacking peptidoglycan. This cell is most likely:

Accepted Answer

An archaeal cell

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of the bacterial glycocalyx capsule?

Accepted Answer

It is firmly attached and helps prevent recognition by the host immune system.

Question 6

Which process involves the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 7

A bacterium is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome for a cell with a cell wall?

Accepted Answer

The cell will shrink as water leaves the cytoplasm.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about group translocation is correct?

Accepted Answer

The transported substance is chemically modified during passage across the membrane.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of the eukaryotic glycocalyx?

Accepted Answer

Serving as the main site of ATP production

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why Gram-negative bacteria are often more resistant to antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Their outer membrane acts as a barrier to many drugs.

Question 11

Which of the following structures is involved in the transfer of DNA between bacterial cells?

Accepted Answer

Pili (conjugation pili)

Question 12

A scientist is studying a cell that contains 80S ribosomes, a nucleus, and mitochondria. This cell is most likely:

Accepted Answer

A eukaryotic cell

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining cell shape and anchoring organelles

Question 14

Which of the following statements about mitochondria is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

They contain 70S ribosomes and circular DNA.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the endosymbiotic theory?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotes formed from the union of small aerobic prokaryotes with larger anaerobic prokaryotes, leading to mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Question 16

Which of the following is a unique feature of archaeal cell walls compared to bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Contain specialized polysaccharides and proteins, but lack peptidoglycan

Question 17

A patient is infected with a bacterium that forms endospores. Why is this clinically significant?

Accepted Answer

Endospores allow the bacterium to survive harsh conditions, making infections harder to eliminate.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi body in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Processing and packaging molecules for export

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the movement of eukaryotic flagella?

Accepted Answer

They undulate rhythmically.

Question 20

Which of the following is true regarding the function of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They contain catabolic enzymes for intracellular digestion.

Cell Structure and Function in Microbiology: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

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