Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity provides natural resistance present at birth, while adaptive immunity is a slower, more effective second line of defense that develops specificity and memory.

Question 2

A patient receives a vaccine containing a viral antigen. Which immune cells are primarily responsible for presenting this antigen to helper T cells to initiate an adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

Macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 3

Which of the following is a function of cytokines in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Stimulating the migration and activation of immune and inflammatory cells

Question 4

Which immunoglobulin is most abundant in blood and is responsible for protecting newborns by crossing the placenta?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 5

A newborn is protected from certain infections due to antibodies received from the mother. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Passive immunity

Question 6

Which of the following best explains the role of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

PRRs are cell surface receptors that detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger inflammatory responses.

Question 7

Which class of MHC molecules presents processed antigen to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, leading to the destruction of infected or cancerous cells?

Accepted Answer

Class I MHC

Question 8

Which of the following is a property unique to adaptive immunity compared to innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

Ability to recognize and remember specific antigens for a heightened response upon re-exposure

Question 9

A patient with a deficiency in helper T cells would most likely have impaired:

Accepted Answer

Production of antibodies and activation of other immune cells

Question 10

Which immunoglobulin is primarily found in body secretions and protects mucous membranes?

Accepted Answer

IgA

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a function of T lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

Production of antibodies

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of the complement system in immunity?

Accepted Answer

It is a group of plasma proteins that act as opsonins and trigger a cascade reaction leading to pathogen destruction.

Question 13

Which of the following is a real-life example of passive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Maternal IgG crossing the placenta to protect a newborn

Question 14

Which cytokine group is responsible for producing fever and the acute-phase response during inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

Question 15

Which of the following immune cells is classified as a regulatory cell and prevents excess inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Regulatory T cell (Suppressor T cell)

Question 16

A patient with a genetic defect in MHC Class II molecules would most likely have impaired:

Accepted Answer

Presentation of antigenic fragments to CD4+ T cells

Question 17

Which immunoglobulin is involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions and binds to mast cells and basophils?

Accepted Answer

IgE

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why elderly individuals are more susceptible to infections?

Accepted Answer

Decline in immune responsiveness and decreased thymus size, leading to reduced T lymphocyte numbers and function

Question 19

Which of the following is a multi-step process that occurs when a pathogen breaches the body's barriers and is detected by the innate immune system?

Accepted Answer

Induction of inflammatory response via recognition of PAMPs by PRRs, leading to activation of immune cells and release of inflammatory mediators

Question 20

Which equation best represents the cascade activation of the complement system in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

$$C1 \rightarrow C4 \rightarrow C2 \rightarrow C3 \rightarrow C5 \rightarrow C6 \rightarrow C7 \rightarrow C8 \rightarrow C9$$

patho 11

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