$$\text{Sensitivity} = \frac{TP}{TP + FN}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the principle behind ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) in immune testing?

Accepted Answer

It uses enzyme-linked antibodies to produce a color change when bound to a specific antigen.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a form of vaccine?

Accepted Answer

Antitoxin therapy

Question 3

A patient receives an injection of antibodies against rabies after being bitten by a potentially rabid animal. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Passive immunization

Question 4

Which equation best represents the relationship between sensitivity, specificity, true positives (TP), and false positives (FP) in antibody testing?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Sensitivity} = \frac{TP}{TP + FN}$$

Question 5

Which of the following is a major problem associated with live attenuated vaccines?

Accepted Answer

They may revert to a virulent form and cause disease.

Question 6

What is the primary function of an adjuvant in a vaccine?

Accepted Answer

To enhance the body's immune response to the antigen.

Question 7

Which laboratory technique is most appropriate for detecting specific proteins in a sample using antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Immunoblotting (Western blot)

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why combination vaccines are used?

Accepted Answer

They allow immunization against multiple diseases with fewer injections.

Question 9

A child receives a vaccine containing inactivated poliovirus. Which immune response is most likely to be stimulated?

Accepted Answer

Production of antibodies without risk of disease

Question 10

Which of the following statements about monoclonal antibodies is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

They are produced by a single clone of B cells and are specific to one antigen.

Question 11

Which process is used to manufacture vaccines in the United States to ensure safety and efficacy?

Accepted Answer

Standardized production with clinical trials and FDA approval

Question 12

Which of the following is a key difference between active and passive immunization?

Accepted Answer

Passive immunization provides immediate protection, but does not result in long-term immunity.

Question 13

Which of the following is a reason why vaccine safety is sometimes questioned by the public?

Accepted Answer

Rare adverse reactions and misinformation can lead to public concern.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes immunochromatography?

Accepted Answer

A rapid test that uses antibodies to detect antigens on a test strip.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a toxoid vaccine?

Accepted Answer

Tetanus vaccine

Question 16

A patient is given antiserum after exposure to hepatitis B. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The patient will receive immediate, short-term protection.

Question 17

Which of the following is a disadvantage of inactivated vaccines compared to attenuated vaccines?

Accepted Answer

They often require booster doses to maintain immunity.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the use of fluorescent antibody testing?

Accepted Answer

It uses antibodies labeled with fluorescent dyes to visualize antigen-antibody binding under a microscope.

Question 19

Which of the following is a benefit of recombinant DNA vaccines?

Accepted Answer

They can be designed to target specific antigens and are less likely to cause disease.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains the difference between antiserum and monoclonal antibody therapy?

Accepted Answer

Antiserum contains a mixture of antibodies, while monoclonal therapy uses antibodies specific to one antigen.

Chapter 17: Immunization and Immune Testing – Study Notes

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