Q: Which of the following statements about the central dogma of molecular biology is correct?

$$DNA \rightarrow RNA \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of semiconservative DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Question 2

A scientist discovers a mutation in a bacterial gene that results in a premature stop codon. What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 3

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing short RNA primers during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Primase

Question 4

During DNA replication, which enzyme joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand?

Accepted Answer

Ligase

Question 5

Which of the following statements about the central dogma of molecular biology is correct?

Accepted Answer

$$DNA ightarrow RNA ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 6

A patient is exposed to a chemical that causes the insertion of a single nucleotide into a gene. What is the most likely consequence of this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Frameshift mutation

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of tRNA during protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

It brings amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the mRNA codon using its anticodon.

Question 8

Which of the following is a feature unique to eukaryotic gene expression compared to prokaryotic gene expression?

Accepted Answer

RNA splicing removes introns from pre-mRNA.

Question 9

A researcher finds a segment of DNA that can move from one location to another within the genome. What is this segment called?

Accepted Answer

Transposon

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of DNA methylation in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

It typically represses gene expression by making DNA less accessible to transcription factors.

Question 11

A bacterial cell acquires a gene for antibiotic resistance from another cell through a pilus. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation

Question 12

Which of the following is a purine nitrogen base found in nucleic acids?

Accepted Answer

Adenine

Question 13

A mutation changes a codon from $$	ext{GAA} ($$glutamic acid) to $$	ext{GAG} ($$also glutamic acid). What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Silent mutation

Question 14

Which enzyme is responsible for removing RNA primers and replacing them with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase I

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of single-strand binding proteins during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

They stabilize unwound DNA strands and prevent them from re-annealing.

Question 16

A patient is exposed to UV light, which causes thymine dimers in DNA. Which DNA repair mechanism is most likely to fix this damage?

Accepted Answer

Excision repair

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a function of plasmids in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Carrying essential genes for bacterial survival

Question 18

Which of the following is a post-transcriptional regulation mechanism in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA

Question 19

A gene's sequence is $$5'	ext{-ATG GGC TAA-}3'. $$What is the corresponding mRNA sequence?

Accepted Answer

$$5'	ext{-AUG GGC UAA-}3'$$

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the relationship between codons and anticodons?

Accepted Answer

Codons are found on mRNA and are recognized by complementary anticodons on tRNA.

Chapter 5: Genetics – Study Guide

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