Question 1

Which historical method did the Chinese use to combat smallpox, and what was its approximate mortality rate?

Accepted Answer

Variolation using dried smallpox scabs, 1-2% mortality rate

Question 2

Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccination experiment in 1796 led to the use of the word 'vaccination.' What is the origin of this term?

Accepted Answer

It is derived from the Latin word for cow

Question 3

Louis Pasteur contributed to vaccine development by creating vaccines for which two diseases?

Accepted Answer

Rabies and anthrax

Question 4

What is the primary reason smallpox is no longer a disease civilians are vaccinated against?

Accepted Answer

It was eradicated through vaccination

Question 5

Which of the following best describes herd immunity?

Accepted Answer

Protection of nonvaccinated individuals when a sufficient percentage of the population is vaccinated

Question 6

For measles and whooping cough, what percentage of the population typically needs to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity?

Accepted Answer

$$95\%$$

Question 7

Which type of vaccine contains altered pathogens that do not cause disease but are still infectious?

Accepted Answer

Attenuated vaccine

Question 8

What is a major risk associated with attenuated vaccines?

Accepted Answer

They could cause disease in immune-compromised individuals

Question 9

Which of the following is a benefit of inactivated vaccines?

Accepted Answer

They are safe for immune-compromised patients

Question 10

Subunit vaccines often require adjuvants. Which of the following is commonly used as an adjuvant?

Accepted Answer

Monophosphoryl lipid A

Question 11

Which vaccine type is recommended for pregnant women during the third trimester?

Accepted Answer

Tdap

Question 12

Why did outbreaks of measles and pertussis re-emerge in the US and UK after 1998?

Accepted Answer

A drop in childhood vaccination rates due to fears about vaccine safety

Question 13

Which study design flaw contributed to the initial fear linking the MMR vaccine to autism?

Accepted Answer

Small sample size of only 12 patients

Question 14

What is the main difference between whole-agent and subunit inactivated vaccines?

Accepted Answer

Whole-agent vaccines use entire inactivated pathogens, while subunit vaccines use purified components

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a toxoid vaccine?

Accepted Answer

Tetanus vaccine

Question 16

Why are boosters required for inactivated vaccines?

Accepted Answer

To achieve full immunity due to weaker immunological memory

Question 17

Which vaccine type is most likely to require refrigeration and why?

Accepted Answer

Attenuated vaccines, because they contain live but weakened pathogens

Question 18

A recombinant vector vaccine works by:

Accepted Answer

Packing genetic material from the pathogen inside a harmless virus or bacterium

Question 19

Which population group is recommended to receive the bacterial meningitis vaccine?

Accepted Answer

People aged 16 through 23 years

Question 20

What is the main public health response to increasing outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases in some areas?

Accepted Answer

Changing school enrollment rules to require immunizations except for medical exemptions

Comprehensive Study Notes on Vaccines: History, Types, and Public Health Impact

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