$$\text{pH} = -\log_{10} [H^+]$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus.

Question 2

A scientist is testing the effect of a new antibiotic on bacterial growth. Which of the following is the independent variable in this experiment?

Accepted Answer

The concentration of the antibiotic applied to the bacteria.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the three domains of life is correct?

Accepted Answer

Eukarya includes organisms such as plants, animals, and fungi.

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback system in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood glucose levels by insulin.

Question 5

Given an atom with atomic number 8 and atomic mass 16, how many neutrons does it have?

Accepted Answer

8

Question 6

Which equation correctly relates pH to hydrogen ion concentration $$[H^+]$$?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{pH} = -\log_{10} [H^+]$$

Question 7

A solution has a hydrogen ion concentration of $$1 	imes 10$$^{-4}$$ M. What is its pH?

Accepted Answer

4

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the octet rule?

Accepted Answer

Atoms are most stable when their outermost electron shell contains eight electrons.

Question 9

Which type of bond is formed when one atom donates an electron to another atom?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bond

Question 10

Which property of water allows it to moderate temperature in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

High specific heat

Question 11

A buffer solution is important in biological systems because:

Accepted Answer

It maintains a stable pH by neutralizing added acids or bases.

Question 12

Which functional group is most likely to make a molecule hydrophilic?

Accepted Answer

Hydroxyl group ($$-OH)$$

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction?

Accepted Answer

Joining two amino acids to form a peptide bond and releasing water.

Question 14

Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for genetic information storage?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acids

Question 15

According to Chargaff's rule, if a DNA molecule contains 30% adenine, what percentage of cytosine does it contain?

Accepted Answer

20%

Question 16

Which of the following best describes an enantiomer?

Accepted Answer

Molecules that are mirror images of each other.

Question 17

Which type of macromolecule is held together by glycosidic bonds?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates

Question 18

A triglyceride is composed of:

Accepted Answer

One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is correct?

Accepted Answer

Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds and are liquid at room temperature.

Question 20

Which equation correctly calculates molarity ($$M) of a $$solution?

Accepted Answer

$$M = \frac{	ext{moles}}{	ext{liters}}$$

Exam I Review Outline: Foundations of Microbiology, Chemistry, and Biological Macromolecules

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