Question 1

Which of the following statements best distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome not enclosed by a membrane.

Question 2

A bacterium is observed to have a thick peptidoglycan layer, teichoic acids, and is highly susceptible to penicillin. Which type of cell wall does it most likely possess?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive cell wall

Question 3

Which structure allows bacteria such as *Streptococcus pneumoniae* to evade phagocytosis and adhere to host tissues?

Accepted Answer

Capsule (glycocalyx)

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the function of bacterial pili?

Accepted Answer

Motility and DNA transfer during conjugation

Question 5

A patient is infected with a bacterium that stains red after Gram staining. Which of the following is most likely true about this bacterium?

Accepted Answer

It has an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Question 6

Which process requires both a transporter protein and energy in the form of ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct description of osmosis?

Accepted Answer

Movement of water from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why penicillin is effective against Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane that blocks penicillin from reaching its target.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Site of protein synthesis

Question 10

A bacterium is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Water moves out of the cell, causing plasmolysis.

Question 11

Which of the following structures is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and is the site of protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Question 12

Which of the following is a unique feature of eukaryotic plasma membranes compared to prokaryotic plasma membranes?

Accepted Answer

Presence of sterols such as cholesterol

Question 13

Which of the following statements supports the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

They reproduce independently and have circular DNA.

Question 14

Which of the following inclusions would you expect to find in a photosynthetic bacterium for carbon fixation?

Accepted Answer

Carboxysomes

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of microtubules in a eukaryotic flagellum?

Accepted Answer

9 pairs in a ring plus 2 in the center (9+2 array)

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi complex in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Modification and transport of proteins

Question 17

A bacterium is found to lack a cell wall but survives due to the presence of sterols in its plasma membrane. Which group does it most likely belong to?

Accepted Answer

Mycoplasmas

Question 18

Which of the following is a medically important consequence of bacterial endospore formation?

Accepted Answer

Endospores allow bacteria to survive harsh conditions, making sterilization difficult.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why mycoplasmas are resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis?

Accepted Answer

They lack a cell wall.

Question 20

Which of the following is a function of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Oxidation of fatty acids and destruction of hydrogen peroxide

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Microbiology Study Notes

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