Question 1

Which structural feature is the primary distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Presence of a true nucleus enclosed by a membrane

Question 2

A bacterial cell is observed under a microscope and appears as a chain of spherical cells. Which arrangement best describes this observation?

Accepted Answer

Streptococci

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the glycocalyx is correct?

Accepted Answer

The glycocalyx contributes to virulence by preventing phagocytosis

Question 4

Biofilms are important in human health because:

Accepted Answer

They allow bacteria to survive in dry environments by sharing nutrients

Question 5

Which bacterial structure is responsible for motility and can be used to distinguish serovars?

Accepted Answer

Flagella

Question 6

A patient is infected with a spirochete. Which motility structure is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Axial filaments

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of pili in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

DNA transfer between cells

Question 8

Gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible to penicillin than gram-negative bacteria because:

Accepted Answer

They have a thick peptidoglycan layer without an outer membrane

Question 9

Which equation best describes the osmotic pressure required to stop water movement across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$\Pi = iCRT$$

Question 10

A bacterial cell placed in a hypertonic solution will:

Accepted Answer

Shrink due to plasmolysis

Question 11

Which process requires energy and moves substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 12

Which antibiotic targets the bacterial cell wall by inhibiting peptide cross-bridge formation?

Accepted Answer

Penicillin

Question 13

Mycoplasmas are resistant to antibiotics that interfere with cell wall synthesis because:

Accepted Answer

They lack a cell wall

Question 14

Which of the following inclusions is used for CO$$_2$$ fixation during photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Carboxysomes

Question 15

Endospores are formed by bacteria when:

Accepted Answer

Key nutrients such as carbon or nitrogen are scarce

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the structure of peptidoglycan?

Accepted Answer

A polymer of repeating disaccharides linked by polypeptides

Question 17

Which bacterial cell wall component is responsible for antigenic specificity in gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Teichoic acids

Question 18

A bacterium is observed to have a tuft of flagella at one pole. What is the correct term for this arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Lophotrichous

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a function of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 20

Which ribosomal subunits combine to form the prokaryotic 70S ribosome?

Accepted Answer

30S and 50S

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Mini-Textbook Study Notes

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